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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, image, carlos v, martin lutero…
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
Diet of Worms
meeting took place
no agreement
groups
Emperor suported Pope and Church
protestant german princes
supported Luther
formed an alliance Schmalkaldic Leage
Carlos I
appointed Emperor 1519
of the Holy Roman Empire
tried to mediate to prevent the division of Church
civil war broke out
Emperor defeated the League
but France sided against Emperor
great balance of military power
Luther
was excomminicated 1521
persecute him for heresy
unsuccesful protection of the German nobles
Religious Wars
Low Countries
Dutch War of Independence (Eighty Years' War)
was both
rebellion against Spanish rule
civil war Calvinists, Catholics
calvinists win northern provinces
British Isles
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
conflicts Catholics, Anglicans, Puritans
in England, Scotland, Ireland
Anglicans gained power
France
second half 16th century
wars Catholics, Protestants continued
very bloody episodes
ended 1598
King Henry IV
signed Edict of Nantes
protestants certain religious freedom
Consequences of the religious division
Protestants, Catholics
persecuted other in areas they dominated
example
in Switzerland the Calvinists
executed the Spanish scientist
Pope, Emperor became less influential
Protestant kings, nobles gained more power
Peace of Augsburg
was signed in 1555
granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
The counter-reformation
Council of Trent
between 1545-1563
periods of sessions
1545-1548, 1551-1552, 1562-1563
What did they do?
Internal reform
measures resolve internal corruption
seminaries, universities founded
bishops strictly controlled
sale indulgence prohibited
Society of Jesus
spread teachings Counter-Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola
The repression of Protestantism
followers heretics
Inquisition reinforced
Index of forbidden books
Clarification of their teachings
dogmas, principles protestant rejected were maintained
pope highest authority
veneration of Virgin Maria, saints
priests interpret Bible
clarification of their religion
person pushed most
Emperor Carlos V
hope restore peace his subjects
France
expressed mistrust
belived council served Habsburgs
wanted maintain control religious matters
didn't prevent division
establish Catholic dogmas
Counter-Reformation
religious, intellectual, political movement
led by Catholic Church
against Protestant Reformation
