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Non-Specific Immunity - Coggle Diagram
Non-Specific Immunity
Non-specific External Barriers: prevent pathogens from entering the body. Ex) skin, mucous
Non-Specific Internal Defenses: external barriers such as skin or mucous are breached
Innate Immune Response: protection by WBCs, inflammatory responses, fever
leukocytes = general term for white blood cells. types: phagocytes ingest invaders, natural killer cells destroy virus infected cells so the virus doesn't spread
inflammatory response: phagocytes are recruited to the site of the injury and close off injured area
fevers caused by serious infections, slow the reproduction of the virus. elevated body temperature = increased WBC activity and decrease in bacteria reproduction
Specific Internal Defenses
adaptive immune system: made up of macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
lymphocytes: specialized white blood cells unique to immune responses.
B-cells: mature in the bone marrow. make antibodies, which are Y-shaped proteins. each antibody has 1 heavy chain, 1 light chain. each contain a variable and constant region of polypeptides.
antibodies recognize foreign antigens and trigger response against invaders. help destroy invading molecules with antigens.
ways antibodies neutralize antigens:
1) neutralization. antibodies bind to antigens and make them ineffective so macrophages can engulf them
2) agglutination: antibodies bind to many antigens at a time to make phagocytosis easier
3)precipitation. bind to free antigens (snake venom, chemical)
4) activation of complement proteins: complement proteins are triggered to come out of the blood and cause the infected cell to explode
memory b-cells. bear same antibodies as original b-cells. produce clones of plasma cells.
B-cell binds to a virus.
1) clonal selection
2) some B-cells differentiate into plasma cells, some memory B cells
3) memory B cells respond rapidly to the virus the next time it is introduced to the body
4) plasma mark original antigens for destruction.
T-cells: mature in the thymus. T-cell receptors recognize and bind antigens.
macrophages, dendritic cells engulf virus, break it apart, and present a fragment of the virus on the MCH2 proteins
helped t-cells have unique surface receptors that bind to the antigen presenting, make lots of helper t-cells
start releasing chemicals that target virus infected cells with cytotoxic t-cells
memory t-cells: daughter cells of original helper t-cells, same t-cell receptors recognize if same microbe invades. faster response.
response steps:
1) antigens on foreign microbes trigger immune responses
2) B-cells produce antibodies and T-cells produce T-cell receptors to bind to antigens
steps of an allergic reaction:
1) allergens bind to allergy antibodies on special b-cells
2) b-cells produce plasma cells that pour allergy antibodies into the bloodstream
3) antibodies attach to mast cells in respiratory tracts
4) if allergens bind to antibodies, histamine is released. enter inflammation
mast cells and basophils release histamine
types of immune diseases:
auto-immune disease: anti-self antibodies are produced and immune system attacks itself
severe combined immune deficiency: genetic defects cause few or no immune cells to form. therapy: bone marrow transplant
acquired immune deficiency: viruses that are caught that destroy helper T-cells