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How to make an "effective" soap? - Coggle Diagram
How to make an "effective" soap?
Background Information
a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having perfume and coloring added.- google dictionary
Soap is usually composed of a fat and and oil with sodium hydroxide and contains some glycerin.
How Soap Works
Soap molecules bond to water and debris. The soap has a hydrocarbon head which is hydrophillic however the tail is hydrophobic which is attracted to dirt in grease.
pH between 9-10 (alkaline)
Neutralize acid as it is alkaline
Effectiveness of soap can be measured
How much oil is broken down as it will bind to the soap molecules
Staining fabrics with olive oil
How to make Soap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmncfFZ7q2U
Sodium Hydroxide (lye)
Animal fat/oil
Salt (additive)
Heat
Solven (water)
Saponification
Hydration reaction where free hydroxide breaks the ester bonds between the fatty acids and glycerol of a triglyceride, resulting in free fatty acids and glycerol. - Suriya Prakash, T. and Thirumurugan, R. (2015)
Types of Soap
Potassium Soap
Sodium Soap
History Soap
The soap name comes from an ancient Roman legend about Mount Sapo. Rain would wash down mountaing mixing animal fat and ashes resulting in clay mixture which helped with cleaning
Fat from whales was used to make soap
Factors Affecting Key Effectiveness of Soap to Be Measured
Amount of Lye
More lye may lead to more effective results
Concentration of soap in water soap mixture
Type of oil
Different oils have different fatty acids
Variables
Independent
Concentration of Lye in Soap
May increase the effectiveness of soap because lye breaks down the fatty acids
Type of stain
Oil stain
Olive Oil
Tomato Sauce
Composition of Soap
Potassium hydroxide soap
Sodium hydroxide soap
Type of animal fat/oil
Different amount of carbon has different which can increase solubility
Controlled
Water to Soap ratio in mixture
To reduce random error in making each mixture
Amount of ingredients used in soap only changing the concentration
Dependant
Amount of oil able to be broken down
The size of stain
Limitations
Only testing one aspect of cleaning which is oil and is also an uncommon substance
Many variations of soap and only testing one type of soap
Risk Assement
Risks
Lye (NaOH)
Link Title
Corrosive Burns to Oesaphogas, Stomach and throat causing permanent damage when ingest
Give water to dilute sodium hydroxide (only if person is active and responsive)
Can burn lungs if inhaled
remove person from area
Burns Skin