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Henry VII - Coggle Diagram
Henry VII
Society
By the end of the 15th century: English society had become hierachal and layered, "The Great Chain of Being"
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Henry VII only created 3 Earls in his reign, making the honour special
1487 and 1504: Henry passed Acts in Parliament that banned retaining, attacked individuals (eg. Lord Bergavenny in 1506)
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Church
Martin V (Pope from 1417 to 1431) declared that the King of England governed the Church of England, rather than the Pope = meant Henry could appoint bishops as only men who had legal training
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Population: 3 million, 90% living in very rural communities
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Government
structure
King: ruled the country, made all decisions
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JPs: justices of the peace, were responsible for law and order in localities
Privy Chamber: closest access to the king, could influence him
the court: moved with the king, entertained the king, full of factions.
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Privy Council: advisers to the King, usually chosen fromt he nobility. were as many as 40 / 50 people.
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King's Council: central administritative body, acted as a court, made legal judgements.
227 total, only 40 active memebers. never any more than 150 at a time
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acted in a judicial capacity, advised Henry over matters to administer law
Council of the North
North: closely linked to the main council, had similar judicial and administrative power
Wales: Henry appointed his uncle Jasper Tudor to govern it, and then appointed Arthur (7 years old) as Prince of Wales. Henry therefore governed Wales more directly than any prior king
Ireland: Henry set about in recognising the Irish government, made infant son Henry the Lord Lieutenant and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as deputy.
weaknesses in local / regional government: the king was dependent on the goodwill of his officials. Henry had to rely on the JPs own self-interest as leaders of society to keep law and order.
Star Chamber: met to dicuss judicial matters - didn't play a central role though because it wasn't a proper court in its own right - meetings were rare.
Success: judicial structure helped effective government because it helped to improve royal finances such as crown lands, profits of justice, customs revenue, etc.
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after becoming king:
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removed his rivals: Henry imprisoned Yorkists that had a better claim to the throne than he did: eg. Earl of Warwick, placed them in the tower of London
30 October 1485: was crowned King. However, he backdated his reign to start on 21 August 1485, so that Richard's supporters were traitors to Henry when they fought against him at the Battle of Bosworth
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18 January 1486: Henry married Elizabeth of York after promising to marry her in 1483. He was careful to do this after he was crowned so no one could say he gained power through his wife... even though the marriage had been a part of his strategy to gain support (two houses coming together as one)
September 1486: Prince Arthur was born, meaning Henry now had an heir to pass the throne to - established a future to the Tudor dynasty
Foreign Policy Treaties
Treaty of Redon
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Anne of Brittany would pay for these English troops, wouldn't form any alliances without Henry's consent
result: not a success, his troops are left marooned because Anne of Brittany gave into French and married Charles VIII of France
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Treaty of Etaples
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reduced trade restrictions, French were to give England a £159,000 pension to remove all troops from French soil
Result: successful because it reduced trade restrictions, but there were still tensions
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Rebellions / Pretenders
Lovell & Stafford
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Lovell tried to raise a rebellion in North Riding (Yorkshire) and Stafford tried to raise on in the Midlands
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Response: Stafford was captured and executed, Lovell managed to escape to Burgundy
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Perkin Warbeck
pretended to be Richard, Duke of York, who was the younger son of Edward IV. He tried to invade Kent but went to Scotland, then France, then Ireland to gain support.
didn't have enoughs upport when he first landed in Kent, so went over to Scotland to get more support from James IV, Scottish King.
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Yorkshire Revellion
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causes: subsidies, anger towards king for church privileges, anger at Henry VII's increasing infringements of northern sanctuaries
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Henry's response: King raised an army to march north and this unnerved rebels, they advanced when the guard arrived at York under Earl of Surrey. Northumberland was assassinated at South Kilvington, Egremont fled to Flanders, and Henry travelled North to pardon some rebels.
Cornish Rebellion
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Causes: January 1497 there was a heavy tax voted for by parliament to finance and expedition to the north to resist a Scottish invasion / Perkin Warbeck
May 1497: rebels set out from Bodmin, the only leader was Lord Audley
16 June 1497: reached 15,000 supporters and reached Blackheath, London. Henry had diverted his soldiers south under Lord Daubney.
about 1000 rebels were killed - only Audley and the 2 local leaders were executed. even though it failed, it was alarming that they managed to march to Kent without opposition
HENRY'S LEGACY
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in his final hours, according to Henry VIII, Henry VII called for his son and instructed him to fulfil the treaty between England and Spain by Catherine of Aragon.
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negatives
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by 1509, he was deeply unpopular
Battle of Bosworth
Henry's army: 2000 soldiers,
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support base in Brittany was narrow, only had support from Jasper (Earl of Pembroke), Earl of Oxford and some knights
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Richard's army: 15,000 soldiers, led the Duke of Norfolk who's loyalty is strong, and the Earl of Northumberland went into battle on Richard's side (but switched to Henry's side).
weakness was that he alienated the nobility through his usurpation of his throne and the 2 nephews in the tower
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battle events
Richard III arrived first, gained the higher ground for themselves. he arranged the archers on the hillside and had the soldiers protect them. Richard led the cavalry himself
Stanley brothers positioned themselves at the north of the battlefield: not keen to support Richard because he had taken one of their sons hostage, but not keen to support Henry either in case the battle didn't go well for him
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when it began, Henry's foot soldiers ran at the base of the hill, archers fired at them whilst the cavalry cut into them from the side = Henry had to group together in defense
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