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Connecting Challenging Behaviors to Early Childhood Development Theories,…
Connecting Challenging Behaviors to Early Childhood Development Theories
Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) was an influential psychologist who is often referred to as the founder of modern educational psychology. He was perhaps best-known for his famous puzzle box experiments with cats which led to the development of his law of effect. Thorndike’s discoveries had a major influence on the development of behaviorism, which went on to become the dominant school of thought in psychology for much of the 20th century. Many behavioral principles remain in use today.
He is famous for his Puzzle boxes experiments, where he studied how animals learn.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhNxeYYyCSQ
There are two key aspects of the law of effect:
Behaviours immediately followed by favorable consequences are more likely to occur again.
Examples:
If you study and then get a good grade on a test, you will be more likely to study for the next exam.
If you work hard and then receive a promotion and pay raise, you will be more likely to continue to put in more effort at work.
Behaviours followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to occur again.
Example:
If you run a red light and then get a traffic ticket, you will be less likely to disobey traffic lights in the future.
Law of effect: Educational Implications
This law is based on the feelings of the learner. Learning is stronger when joined with a pleasing or satisfying feeling. It is weakened when linked with an unpleasant feeling. An experience that produces feelings of defeat, anger, frustration, futility, or confusion in a student is unpleasant for him. This will decrease his learning capabilities. A student’s chance of success is definitely increased if the learning experience is a pleasant one.
The teacher can apply it in the classroom situation by introducing the principles of pleasure and pain, reward and punishment.
When the student does something wrong and he is punished for it, he will not do the work again because punishment gives him pain.
Providing students with unpleasant consequence for failure, such as missing out of a preferred activity when homework is not completed, is negatively extrinsic. If a student makes the choice that he or she enjoys the defiant feeling associated with not meeting the teacher's expectations, it is negatively intrinsic
If a student misbehaves putting him in time out
If students do not complete the work during class they have to stay and finish it, even if it means missing out on outdoor play time.
Calling out the student in front of his peers if he is being disruptive
Yelling at a student when he does an unwanted behavior
Making a student do an activity he does not enjoy as punishment for not listening.
Sending the students to the principals office as a punishment for not listening.
If the student is rewarded for his success or any good work, it gives him pleasure and he wants to repeat the work, making it permanent.
A teacher can engage students in hands-on, inquiry-based, and relevant learning activities, which provide intrinsic motivation.
Speaking to the children about protecting the Earth and allowing them to create their own display and project of what they think should be the first step.
Extrinsic rewards, like trinkets, praise, and recognition are motivating but can actually reduce engagement over time.
Utilizing a star :star: chart to reward good or positive behaviors
Students would be more likely to attend a class if the instructor adopts or makes use of a pedagogy that makes the subject interesting and easy for the students to learn.
Making use of technology students are used to in the classroom such as iPads or incorporating memes, bitmojis, cartoon characters into displays and PPTs.
A word of appreciation from the instructor’s end for an introverted student for doing class participation would motivate such a student to participate in the future as well.
Telling the student he is doing a good job, and praising him in front of others to reinforce the positive behaviors
A student should be encouraged to undertake study in a subject that interests him the most. Thus, studying the subject of one’s own interest would lead to the success of the student.
If a student shows interest in arts and crafts, then allowing for a student to use this means to cultivate his own learning.
To keep learning pleasant and to maintain student motivation, an instructor should make positive comments about the student’s progress before discussing areas that need improving.
When giving a comment to a student using the "sandwich method" or "glows and grows method" to provide critical feedback
Resources:
Cherry, K. (2020, May 5), The Law of Effect in Psychology. VeryWell Mind. Retrieved from:
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-law-of-effect-2795331
Cherry, K. (2020, Nov 6), Edward Thorndike’s Contribution to the Field of Psychology. VeryWell Mind. Retrieved from:
https://www.verywellmind.com/edward-thorndike-biography-1874-1949-2795525
Gray, K.(2021, Dec 13), Learning Theory in the Classroom: Application & Trends. Study.com. Retrieved from:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/learning-theory-in-the-classroom-application-trends.html
Maheshwari, V., K. (2012, Aug 14), Connectionism – Thorndike’s Learning Theory. vkmaheshwari.com. Retrieved from
http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=543
Zero to Eternity (2021, Jan 11), What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect in Psychology. Zero to Eternity. Retrieved from:
https://zerotoeternity.com/psychology/thorndikes-law-of-effect/#Law_Of_Effect_In_Education
Jean Piaget (1983)
According to Piaget, children organize and adapt their experiences with objects into increasingly sophisticated cognitive models that enable them to deal with future situations in more effective ways.
(Kamii, 1979)
The cognitive development theory is guided by two influential ideas
Intelligence, like biological system, constructs the structure it needs to function.
The growth of intelligence is influenced by:
a. Physical environment
c. Maturation
b. Social environment
d. Equilibration
Knowledge is the interaction between the individual and the environment
[
Piaget's Schema
](
https://youtu.be/EYbCE1udazwhttps://youtu.be/EYbCE1udazw
Children are both active and motivated learners. They construct knowledge based on experiences. Children learn through assimilation and accommodation
Resources:
Bornstein, M. H., & Lerner, R. M. (2019). human behaviour - Symbolic ability and imitation. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 24, 2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-behavior/Symbolic-ability-and-imitation
DeVries, R. (1997). Piaget’s Social Theory. Educational Researcher, 26(2), 4–17.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1176032
Kamii, C. (1979). Piaget’s Theory, Behaviorism, and Other Theories in Education. The Journal of Education, 161(1), 13–33.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/42773105
Educational Implications of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Taking the four cognitive stages of Piaget's theory into consideration, we need to think of appropriate responses to challenging behaviors or misbehaviors according to where the child finds themselves on that developmental "staircase"
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 yrs) At this age common misbehaviors would be crying and tantrums
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Preoperational stage (2-7yrs) At this age common misbehaviors would be not focusing, fighting over toys, biting, hitting, unsafe use of materials and space,
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-11yrs) At this age some common misbehaviors can be defiance, fighting with others, reluctance to do work
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Formal Operational Stage (12+ yrs) Common misbehaviors Include lack of focus, prioritizing social exchanges rather than school, lack of motivation to complete school work.
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We construct our experiences into schemata so we can make sense of the world.
Assimilation
Cognitive process of making new information fit in with our understanding of the world.
To process the new information, we make it fit into our existing schema's
e.g. A teacher makes student A become aware that he has upset student B.
Because student A is aware about what it means to be upset, he can easily
assimilate
himself with the feelings of student B, and thus shows empathy towards student B.
According Piaget's developmental theory, ECE learners (from 2 years onwards) have grown awareness of and ability to recall one’s own emotional states, and can show empathy, or the ability to appreciate the feelings and perceptions of others. (Bornstein, 2019)
Accomodation
Cognitive process of when information is so unique, that it doesn't fit into our existing schema.
To understand something completely new, we have to remodel our brain space. We need to experience the idea, to accommodate it.
e.g. A teacher teaching about the concept of sharing to 2-3 year olds using visuals, such as videos, pictures and physical examples with demonstrations for students to experience the concept of sharing so that they can
accommodate
the idea.
According to Piaget's developmental theory two-year-old children begin to describe their own actions as they are performing them, and they can recognize a reflection of themselves in the mirror, and may become possessive with their toys for the first time as the concept of sharing is unfamiliar to them. (Bornstein, 2019)
Inapropriate response
Appropriate Response
