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Chinese Modern History (since 1949), Created by Leigh-Ann Barran (3211006)…
Chinese Modern History (since 1949)
Economy
After the opium wars, China's economy was in ruin
China's % of world GDP dropped from one-third to one-twentieth
1952 GPD per capital was lower than in 1820
By the end of 1952, national economy had been fully restored and initially developed (see: People: Culture & Society)
Bureaucratic capital confiscated
Land system reform gave land ownership to poor tenant farmers
300 million peasants received 700 million mu3 of land
Total output value of industry and agriculture exceeded 20% of that from 1936
Wages of workers increased by 70%, incomes of peasants increased by >30%
Established centralised and unified state of financial and economic management system
2015 Initiated Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region plan
World class city cluster region
2013 Belt and Road Initiative
Promising platform for international cooperation, forging a path towards globalisation
1953-1956 Socialist Economy Established
Characterised by public ownership of means of production and personal income distributed by individual's workload
GDP grew by 9.25% exceeding 4.8% from developed countries in the same time period
After the Great Leap Forward, national economy needed to adjust
1964 Historical task of realising agricultural needs was put forward
1957 Relatively complete and independent industrial and economic systems gradually established
Fastest growing economy in the world since 1980
Asia's largest stock market from 2015
Industry
Science/Technology
1970 First space satellite of the PRC, Dong Fang Hong 1, launched
1972 Antimalarial drug Artemisinin extracted
1973 World's first successful breeding of hybrid rice
2020 Beidou satellite launched
Developed with the needs of the country’s national security and economic and social development in mind
As a temporal-spatial infrastructure of national significance, the BDS provides all-time, all-weather and high-accuracy positioning, navigation and timing services to global users
2020 Fen dou zhe and 2010 Jialong submersible set new deep sea diving records for China
Marked China's entry into the top echelon of deep sea scientific research
Progress in unmanned submersibles
1994 CCP National Conference of Science and Technology
2002-2013 Main space program developed
2003 Program for Sustainable Development
2003 Shenzhou-5 manned spaceship sent the first Chinese astronaut into space
2013 Shenzhou 10 docked with Tiangong-1, China's first prototype space station
1976 Advances in medicine lead to great changes in people's living standards (see: People: Culture & Society)
1978 Four Modernisations Program (Agriculture, Industry, Defence, Technology)
Agriculture
1982 Household Contract Responsibility System officially established (see: Politics)
Defence
1964 Detonated first atomic bomb, making China the 5th state in the world to have nuclear weapons
China promised this development was solely for self defence and safeguarding national security
Pioneering and innovating
People: Culture & Society
1860-1948 Poor living conditions post-opium wars
1949 Average lifespan was 35 years old
Enrollment rate for school-age children was 20%
1977 Gaokao reintroduced
1990-2000 China placed Olympic Bids
2008 Beijing olympics and 12/5/2008 Earthquake
New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics
Zhong Guo Meng
Proposed by Xi Jing Ping in 2012 - to make China prosperous and strong, rejuvenate the nation and ensure people are happy
1952 Gaokao (National Higher Education Entrance Examination) first instituted
1976 Great changes in people's living standards (see also: Industry)
Culture, education, medical science, technology developed
Number of students enrolled in education increased from 25.5 million in 1949 to 209 million in 1976
Number of hospital beds grew from 80,000 in 1949, to 1.68 million in 1976
1975 Average life expectancy was 68.8
1952 Restored national economy at end of year results in increased wages for workers and peasants (see: Economy)
1958-1960 Great Leap Forward backfires and leads to famine (see: Politics)
1966-1976 Cultural Revolution (see: Politics)
1982: Reunification with Hong Kong and Macao (see: Politics)
Building a moderately prosperous society for all Chinese citizens
Politics
1978 Reform and Opening Up
With an annual growth rate of >10% every year for 30 years running, China has become the second largest economy in the world, and has contributed to a 70% reduction of people living in poverty worldwide
Deng Xiaoping created special economic zones and led the South Tour Talks
Initiated with breakthroughs in rural reform
A series of economic reforms which led to less government control of business and land ownership
Shift from planned economy to dynamic socialist market economy, and semi-closed society to an open one
Essential in realising the two centennial goals and national renewal
1982: One Country, Two systems
Peaceful reunifications with Hong Kong and Macao, enabling them to continue under a capitalist system whereas the mainland maintained the socialist system (see: People: Culture & Society)
2006 Harmonious Society strategy
6 main characteristics: democracy, rule of law, fearless and adjustment, vitality, stability and order, harmony between man and nature
1964-1972 International relations developed
Working together while defending national independence and sovereignty. Upholding world peace and promoting human progress as a goal of foreign work
1949 Founding of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China ('New China')
First Plenary Meeting led by Mao Zhedong in Tiananmen Square
New Era for rejuvination for all ethnic groups
Transition of several thousand years of feuds to democracy
Leadership of the Communist Party of China
Adopted the common program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference as the administrative guideline of the new government
First five star red flag of New China
Demonstrates victory of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal new democratic revolution under the leadership of the CPC
1950-1954 Government Safeguards National Sovereignty and Security
1954 Announced Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence
1955 Accepted by Bundang Conference
Mutual respect for sovereignty and territory integrity
Mutual non-aggression
Peaceful Coexistence
Non-interference in internal affairs
Equality and mutual benefit
Community with shared destiny for mankind
Adhered to independent foreign policy
Abolished inequal treaties
1950 Created the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship: an alliance in mutual assistance of soviet union
Wars
1839–1842, 1856–1860 Opium Wars
More than 100 years of defeat
Coud not protect independence
1950 Korean Civil War. China victorious in aiding Korea in resisting USA
Safeguarding World Peace
1992-2003 Strategies to develop
2001 Admittance to World Trade Organisation
Strategy for going globally and bringing in
Strategy for sustainable development
2001 Government offered preferential policy to western China
Strategy for invigorating China through science and education
1966-1976 Cultural Revolution (see: People: Culture & Society)
Large scale political campaign launched by Mao Zhadong which led to civil strife
1976 Chinese Communist Party corrected mistakes of the cultural revolution
1949-1952 Established local people's political power at all levels
1953-1957 First Five Year Plan
Enormously successful
Public order improved
Focused on developing heavy industry and establishing initial foundation for national industrialisation and modernisation of national defence
Establishment of the socialist system, marking the entry into a socialist society
1954 First constitution of socialism in China
1958-1960 Great Leap Forward (see: People: Culture & Society)
Epitomised by backyard steel furnaces in every village and urban neighbourhood which was meant to accelerate industrialisation, but natural disasters and policies led to halt in 1961
A campaign undertaken by communists to organise China's vast population to meet its industrial and agricultural problems
Starvation & famine
2000 The Theory of Three Represents; defines the role of the CCP
The party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces
The party must always represent the orientation of China's advanced culture
The party must always represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people
2004 The Second Session of the 10th NPC wrote this theory into the Chinese Constitution
Wise leadership
The Scientific Outlook on Development
People-centred outlook: to serve, safeguard and promote fundamental interests of the people
The party should promote cultural, political, economic, and social progress, coordinate all aspects of modernisation drive, and strike a balance between production and productive forces, and between superstructure and economic base.
Development is the primary task - focuses on building the economy and driving growth
2021 100th Anniversary of the founding of the Communist party of China
Moving towards 2nd centenaral goal of building a socialist modern power
1982 Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1982 Household Contract Responsibility System officially established (see: Industry)
Created by Leigh-Ann Barran (3211006)