Living with tectonic hazards 🌏
Volcanic eruptions 🌋 extent of eruptions
Earthquakes 🪨
Tsunamis 🌊
Caused by
Movements & interactions of plates
Convection currents within mantel 🔥
Heated mantel material, expands, rises, spreads out beneath plates ➡️ Divergence of plate (1)
Plates can also slides past one another at transform plate boundaries ➡️ Transform faults
Mantle material cools & sinks ➡️ Convergence of plate (2)
Denser plate subducts (slab pull force)
Subduction & upwelling of magma through lines of weaknesses / cracks and fissures
Types of volcanos
Stratovolcano
Shield volcano
High silica lava
Trap gas easily
Convergence plate boundary
Subduction of plate
Highly explosive
High viscosity
Steeper gradient
Low viscosity
Does not trap gas easily
Low silica lava
Less explosive but fast flowing
Divergent plate boundary
Gentler gradient
May lead to localised/ regional impact
2) Lahars
1) Pyroclastic flow
3) Air pollution
4) Effects on the weather (temporary global dimming)
2) Agriculture
3) Aviation industry
1) Health
Dust block the sun
Dust settle on the crops, suffocating them
Travels up to 200km
Rocks, ash, toxic gases
Travels up to 40km
However people still choose to live near volcanoes despite the risks
Economic benefits
2) Precious stones and minerals for miners
3) Tourism sector will flourish
1) Fertile soil for some agricultural farmers
4) Lower electrical bills by tapping into geothermal energy
Frequency of eruption may be low for dormant volcanoes
Amount of stored pressure
Sudden release of stored energy in rocks found along fault lines
Can lead to localised impacts
Destruction of infrastructures & properties
Landslides (terrain dependent)
Loss of lives
Disruption of services
Tsunami
Can be triggered by
Large scale underwater volcanic eruptions
Landslides along coasts
High magnitude offshore earthquake
Level of destruction is dependent on
2) depth of focus
3) population density
1) magnitude
4) time of occurence
5) type of soil
6) Level of preparedness
Liquidfaction
Prepardness
Infrastructure design (earthquake proof)
Emergency drills (allow people to be familiar with procedures, reduce death toll)
Land use regulation
Use of technology (monitoring & warning system