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Lipids, Fatty Acids, Structural and Signaling Lipids, Ether Lipids 醚脂:,…

- - - - Two fatty acids form ester linkages with the first
      - second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate.
      - The phosphate group is charged at physiological pH.
    - - Unsaturated fatty acids
        
        connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate.
      - highly polar phosphate group
        
        called the head groups.
      - substituent groups (X取代基）
        
        called the head groups.
  - - - eukaryotic cell membranes.真核細胞膜
  - - - Ceramide 神經醯氨 (sphingosine鞘氨醇 + amide-linked fatty acid脂肪酸) +
        phosphocholine磷酸 attached to the alcohol乙醇
    - - abundant in myelin sheath髓鞘 that surrounds some nerve cells in animals.
  - - - type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids. determine The blood groups
      - an expression of specific glycosyltransferases糖基轉移酶 .determine The structure of sugar
    - - no active glycosyltransferase
      - a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine group
      - glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group
- - - - Fatty acids carry more energy（per carbon because they are more reduced.
      - Fatty acids carry less water（per gram because they are nonpolar.
      - Fats are for long-term (months) energy needs
- - - - Derived from β-carotene
        
        Involved in visual pigment
    - - Synthesized from Cholesterol
      - Regulates Calcium Metabolism
    - - Antioxidants
    - - Antioxidants
- - - - Phospholipids磷脂
        
        Glyceropholipids甘油酯類
        
        Sphingolipids鞘脂類
      - Glycolipids醣脂
        
        Sphingolipids
        
        Galactolipids (sulfolipids)半乳醣脂（硫脂）
- - - - have the sterol nucleus
      - lack the alkyl chain found in cholesterol.
    - - oxidized derivatives of sterols
      - :star:more polar than cholesterol.
      - carried through the body in the bloodstream
    - - synthesized from cholesterol in gonads and adrenal glands.
      - Many of the steroid hormones are male and female sex hormones
- - - - adopt an extended conformation.
      - show higher melting points than cis forms.
      - increases risk of cardiovascular disease.