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“You [as the qualitative researcher] are the instrument.” - Coggle Diagram
“You [as the qualitative researcher] are the instrument.”
Qualitative Research Bias
Complete objectivity is impossible
Provide enough contextual information so that the readers of the work can be aware of the potential biases
Quantitative data collection and analysis are many times not carried out by the primary researcher (research assistants often take on this role)
With the researcher comes bias
What the research see and do not see
What the researcher pay attention to
What researcher bring out in people during interviews
What the researcher frame of reference is
What are the research interests
How the researcher explains the world
How the researcher believes knowledge comes to be
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Qualitative Research Strengths
Multiple perspectives of reality
Subjectivities in qualitative research are a strength
Positionally
Researcher responsibility
Decisions
What participants to include
What literature to review
How to begin analysis
How to interpret data
How to valid the results
How to explain the findings
How the knowledge is organized and communicated
Themes
What data to collect
How to collect data
What questions to include
How to recorde and transcribe
Minimize the potential sources of bias
Address the chosen methodology
Epistemology
Axiology
Ontology
Observe where personal experiences are affecting interpretation of the findings
Conclusions warranted based on previous literature and data
Strengthen the arguments
Identify the factors ahead of time
Measure the strength of each factor
Summarize information
Consult participants to guarantee accurate information
Explore unusual responses
Be transparent with the reader
Not deny the reader valuable information
Inform limitations and suggestions for further research
Implement tools or methods that break with everyday notions and offer scientific knowledge
Researcher positionally
Why is the researcher researching a particular group of participants
What does the researcher hope to glean from the research?
Emotions
Biases
State blindspots or biases
Personal experiences
Why is the researcher doing the particular research?
Understand the lens the researcher has
Identity
Power
Privilege
Inequality
Perspective
Affect the data collection and analysis
How the researcher's background influences the study
Creation of a conceptual framework for the study
Intent
Personality
Opnions
Roles
Knowledge gaps
Grounded theory
Coding data
How to make researcher positionally reflected more directly and transparently in tools such as conceptual models
Conceptualizing the rigorousness and methodicalness of qualitative research
When qualitative research is coded and analyzed mathematically
Mix-methods
How the researcher connects with participants and the environment affects the research and exploration
How to become more aware of biases when collecting data or analyzing data
Challenges
Researcher did not consider themselves a primary instrument in the data collection and analysis process as they discuss their personal bias against the topic of the study
Quantitative data collection and analysis are many times not carried out by the primary researcher (research assistants often take on this role)
The researcher set positionally as an outsider in the study
Academic traditional beliefs that subjectivity is inherently bad.
Qualitative data collection/ analysis
Researchers gather data to build concepts, hypotheses, and theories
Data is collected to discover and understand a phenomenon, a process, the perspectives and worldviews of the people involved, or a combination of these
Major themes can be gleaned from the data–code to find themes
Product is richly descriptive
Conduct research on participants with vastly different identities than the researcher
Data analysis is inductive
Instruments
Researcher
Interviews
Observations
Documents/artifacts
Use of internal instruments that rely on the researcher’s holistic understanding of the situation at hand
No external measure to validate if the researcher’s understanding is untainted
Adaptability
Questions that don’t “work” can be changed
Adjustments in data collection may be made to get more robust results
Redefine/Recategorize when new statements or passages offer reasons to do so
Researcher constantly adjusts their conceptual framework and methods to best match their subjects