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Science, Technology & Society, Gender and technology, Science,…

- - - - Technology as Material Substance
        
        Material Substance
        
        Viewing technology as being its physical or material properties separate from its interactions with society
      - Technology as Knowledge
        
        Specifically technological knowledge
        
        Sources stems from human activity
        
        Artifact
        
        An object that can be modified, modelled, or produced by human attributes and knowledge
        
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        Layton's Model of Technology
        
        Techniques
        
        The artifact is made up of material substance and allows humans to complete tasks
        
        Design
        
        From idea to tool development and is where craftsmanship is needed
        
        Ideas
        
        The thought processes that precede the tool
      - Technology as Practice
        
        A system involving organization, procedures, symbols, new words, and mindset
        
        Technology needs to be understood as practice embedded in the everyday activites of humans
      - Technology as Technique
        
        Martin Heidegger (2010)
        
        Describes it as a human activity and further divides it into goal and mechanism
        
        Goal
        
        The desired end product to achieve with the technique.
        
        Mechanism
        
        Provide the means to realize the goal to achieve
        
        The activity of technique and its products have an impact on every aspect of life
        
        Ellul (1964)
        
        Then means for attaining a predetermined goal in society for absolute efficiency in every field of human activity
        
        Technology has evolved from just a tool and became a mechanism for achieving human needs and wants through efficient systems
        
        An agent, a force external to society
      - Technology as Society
        
        Stating that "technology encompasses knowledge, mechanisms, skills, and transforming society"
        
        Its involvement in society has become an "agent" to change that can control and alter society
        
        "[i]t doesn't push things forward or transform the world, it becomes the world"
        By Jean Baudrillatd
        
        Becoming one and the same entity
        
        Highlights
        
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      - "Technology is a sociomaterial assemblage of material objects, embodying and reflecting societal elements, such as knowledge, norms, and attitudes, that have been shaped and structured to serve social, political, cultural, and existenial purposes"
        
        (2) it does not include technology as an element of society but rather an element for serving purposes
        
        (3) it views technology as embodying and reflecting knowledge, social norms, social structures, political interests, and so forth
        
        (4) it integrates the concept of sociomaterial assemblage, which is the coming together of the complex material and social elements
        
        (1) it separates technology from society sufficiently enough to allow for the investigation of the tchnology-society interdependence
    - - Provides the basis of the discussions of how technology intersects with society
      - The importance of the fact there is no one definition that can capture this complex concept.
      - Technological bases of modern cultural production allows humans to endlessly simulate, reproduce, reiterate, and recapitulate
      - To better understand how society and technology come together
    - - Neglects to include the technology-society interdependence
      - Orlikowski (2007)
        Sociomaterial Assemblages
        
        "fleeting, fragile, and fragmented, entailing uncertainty and risk, and producing intended and unintended outcomes"
      - Challenges
        
        Rapid technological advences
        
        Unprecedented social change
        
        Direction and type of effect
        
        Target group
        
        Changing uses
        
        Ethical Dilemmas
  - - - The relevance of investigating the intersection of technology and society
        
        The use of Technology is easily dismissed without considering how it has been embedded into our everyday lives.
        
        Extension of our memory
        
        Failed Technology shows us the depth of our dependence & the many complex challenges of living in a technological society
        
        Questions about its use?
        
        When failed or crosses ethical boundries
        
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      - Introduce readers to the topic of technology by critically discussing and comparing its various definitions.
        
        Three approaches to technology that define our current times
        
        Simulation
        
        "Creating and enacting technologies that imitate the human mind or body within a computerized form." ex. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
        
        Artificial Intelligence (AI)
        
        "A branch of computer science dedicated to deigning machines capable of resembling human intelligence"
        
        Augmentation
        
        "The ability to supplement the physical human body by connecting it to digital components with computational capabilities."
        
        Wearable computing
        
        Surrounding awareness capabilities
        
        Automation
        
        "The use of technology to complete a process or procedure with little human intervention." ex. Robotics
        
        Perspectives Highlight
        
        The intersection between the human and the technological w/full substitution
        
        Raising important questions about the ethical, moral and societal implications of endeavours within the 3 approaches to technology that define our current times
        
        Questions on the need for more intense public debate and scrutiny around ethics and for the teaching of technological literacy.
        
        Society tend to dismiss the notion of technology due to it's reference as a "black box or Intransparent and Impenetrable
        
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    - - Highlight
        
        How social, ethical and technological come together and influence one another
        
        The Marxist Tradition
        
        1850 the focus on inequality
        
        Raised Question: Understanding how machines affect labour
        
        Examined the growing use of machinery was the central factor in deskilling
        
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        Moving away from studying of technology as merely an object
        
        Towards how technology changes social structures and brings about social change.
        
        Examine the social aspect as essential to our society as the move towards greater levels of technological integration expantion.
        
        Domains such as Health, Education, Transport, Work, & Commerce
        
        Technological Society
        
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- - - - Rapid changes in understandings about materials and new key tools
        
        Rapid advancements in knowledge and theories including the study of perspective effects
        
        The rise of research as the recognition of the relevance of scientific inquiry.
    - - The invention of the Printing Press
        
        Moving away from oral culture to print culture leading to more rapid spread of ideas
        
        The commoditization of information through mass production and dissemination
    - - The publication of the Encyclopedie, the first universal and secular dictionary of human knowledge
        
        Knowledge is created with the goal of informing the public
        
        Greater relevance given to practical skills as equal in importance to the more traditional, academic disciplines
        
        Technology transfer increases both within and across trades
        
        Development of more advanced military technologies
    - - Radical changes in the nature of people's work with the introduction complex man-machine interactions
        
        Advancements in machinery and automated processes of production
    - - The idea that electronic media shapes how we see the world
        
        Radical changes in mass media through cinema, radio, and television
    - - The widespread and ubiquitous use of information and communication technologies, PC's, Routers.
        
        The instant transmission of information
        
        The uprise in of the network society, connectivity is the centre of influence
        
        The collection and use of big data for predictive analytics
  - - - An idea which suggests that new technologies arise from earlier sources
    - - Johannes Gutenberg's Printing Press
        
        The link to the spread of literacy and to the diffusion of new ideas, including the development of novels themed with religious, scientific and nationalist
        
        An instrument of great political, economic, social and cultural power by enabling the spread of ideas, codifying language and bringing about the commoditization of information
        
        Using it as a tool led to the emergence of elements of modernity, mass production, mass distribution, and the notion of a mass audience.
        
        By lowering the cost of purchasing books, the printing press changed the economics of the book industry, allowing people to acquire personal libraries, develop new ideas, and educate themselves about subjects they are interested in into a powerful instrument of change
        
        Combined with his own innovations with pre-existing technologies into a new tool
        
        Oral culture gave way to a culture of print as a result of the printing press
        
        Changes in how texts were used, distributed and marketed
        
        Enabling the production of greater quantities of a single item within a much shorter time frame
  - - - "We march backwards into the future and a new social order is not perceived until it is already in place"
      - It is difficult to foresee the negative consequences of technological advances since we are unaware of changes.
  - - - Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
      - Time Acceleration
    - - Smartphones and Selfie Culture
      - Big Data and Data Science
- - - - Labour and identity are deeply separated
  - - - Reproductive Technology
        
        Infertility programs, birth control and foetal monitoring are just some examples of technology used to assist human reproduction
- - - - Example, #Metoo
    - - Counterpublics
        
        Transgender-specific spaces for discourse which provide a sense of belonging and affiliation
      - Care Structures
        
        The provision of social support and adaptation to challenges in everyday life by means of digital spaces, particularly aid in transgender identity
      - Use of Social Media for Social Change
        
        Giving a voice to women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted
        
        Aims to mobilize institutions and effect positive social change by raising awareness regarding the disproportionate violence against Indigenous girls and women
        
        In Social Media discrimination is often coded into the very design of these tools
        
        Women Working in IT-Related Fields
        
        The lack of women in IT-related fields
        
        Gender Resegregation
        
        A situation that occurs when women are assigned to jobs that are perceived as more feminine, while jobs performed by women are labelled as "women's work"
        
        Cybertariats
        
        Data entry jobs at minimum wage for individuals employed in these positions.
        
        Technology jobs at low wages have no bearing on the design or adoption of new technologies.
        
        The IT sector needs more women to provide valuable input and perspectives.
        
        In order for women to have a voice in the development, design, and implementation of IT, it is necessary for strategic moves to be made in the industry.
        
        Questions on why there is an absence of women from these kinds of jobs.
        
        Gendered Socialization
        
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- - - - Our tools become us, and we become our tools
      - Not all Bodies are the Same
        
        In reality, not all bodies are the same, so assuming that they can be erased is problematic
        
        Technology does not Determine the Body
        
        Often assumptions of technological determinism are responsible for body erasure
- - - - the mythology of big data suggests that we can use "computers to perform automated statistical analyses on massive data sets that capture traces of human behaviour" (Hoffman, 2017, p.4)
        
        Advocates the dangers of the myth that overlooks our ideas about what constitutes data. The tools used to collect, analyze and understand data are built with human assumptions about gender (Hoffman, 2017, p.5)
        
        Connects big
        data to how social, political and technological biases shape data collection and how data is analyzed.
- - - - Private Effects
        
        Individuals' social connections bring them benefits
        
        Ex. Job Opportunities
      - Public Effects
        
        Being part of a community with a strong sense of social or cultural bond has its advantages like positive characteristics
        
        Ex. Television and socialization
      - Perspectives on how the Internet has affected (Socialization, Communication and Civic Participation)
        
        Utopian Perspective
        
        The Internet has been viewed by some as a positive force in social change, particularly in the strengthening of relationships between people and communities
        
        Forming communities with people who share common interests using digital media
        
        Online Communities
        
        Virtual communities of social interaction that develop as a result of members engaging in public discussions for long enough, in an emotional manner, to form a web of personal relationships on the Internet
        
        Dystopian Perspective
        
        View of Internet as a medium that is potentially isolating people from social engagement and civic engagement by drawing them away from their immediate, local environments
        
        Causing worry that the Internet will harm social capital and keeping people away from public spaces
        
        Supplement Perspective
        
        A discussion of how the Internet does not fundamentally change social relationships, but rather integrates into them
        
        The "Rich Get Richer" Hypothesis
        
        Predict that those with large networks will be able to use the Internet not only to maintain these networks, but also to expand them more efficiently than those with small networks and who are introverted.
        
        Bonding & Bridging Social Capital
        
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        Networked Individualism
        
        People aren't as embedded in groups as they used to be, and more loosely connected social networks are in.
        
        Mechanical Solidarity
        
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        Collective Conscious
        
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        Organic Solidarity
        
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        Digital media can provide the means for increased interaction and community involvement
        
        5 mediating factors to better understand how digital media have affected society
        
        A user's previous experience with digital media
        
        A user's personal characteristics
        
        The existence of prior forms of community (Offline of Online)
        
        The type of Internet use
        
        Life achievement
- - - - Networked Individuals
        
        Expanding their networks, gaining connections, and maintaining personal and professional relationships through digital channels.
      - Socially Connected Individuals
        
        Digital media is useful for these individuals, but they use it primarily to socialize with their friends instead of expanding their social network
      - Socially Limited Individuals
        
        Those with small networks with little diversity and limited usage of digital media
- - - - Examined the process of making, flourishing, and collapsing public places in Europe in the late 18th century to come up with a re-examination of the public sphere.
      - Status
      - Domain of Common Concern
      - Inclusivity
  - - - Ensures that everyone has an equal chance to express their opinions whilst avoiding any coercion that could influence participants decision to speak their mind.
    - - Describes how people who fear being excluded won't speak up when they think their opinion is in the minority
        
        A multitude of opinions can be expressed through the Internet and social media in an open and more open form
    - - Places that give people the opportunity to be social, outside from home and work
- - - - Community-Lost View
        
        Sees declining community prosperity as the result of industrialization
        
        Alone Together
        
        Socialization and maintaining social relations are adversely affected negatively
        
        Togetherness
        
        Individuals being close to one another
        
        Community-Saved View
        
        Community-Liberated View
        
        People are socializing outside their local neighbourhoods and their immediate family ties but community life has not lost its essence; rather, it has undergone radical transformations.
        
        Focus on that friendships and family networks have continued to dominate social organization, resulting in a dramatic increase in connectivity among loosely bounded networks, leading to a close-knit clustering like that found during the pre-industrial period.
- - - - It has been stated that technological advancements lead to better quality of life and make many aspects of life easier, such as a more secure environment, better communication systems, and better healthcare.
      - By reducing costs and increasing efficiency, we are able to conquer nature and manage it to make lives easier, as well as gain advances in the production of material goods.
  - - - Regressive Force
        
        Sees technology as not helping society move forward, rather it hinders the combat of key problems of our way of thinking or way of life
      - Unintended Effects
        
        Inventions and applications of technology that result in consequences that are often only fully understood and realized after they have been used
      - Definition: Technological influence on society that is destructive or negative. Through the implementation of technological changes, this can include reorganizing or changing social or labour practices
- - - - Holistic Approaches
        
        A socio-technical study takes into account the entire socio-technical system rather than separate social, political, cultural, and economic dimensions; together, social factors are considered in relation to the use or non-use of technology.
      - Qualitative Methods
        
        A socio-technical system can be analyzed from a qualitative point of view using methods such as case studies and ethnographies, leading to rich descriptions of the system
      - Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)
        
        Human needs shape technology, according to the belief. Within social systems, cultural norms and values determine how the technological product is constructed, diffused, and used
        
        To understand technical change, the design of tools and the technology-society relationship
        
        Key terminology in SCOT
        
        Relevant Social Group
        
        The meaning given to technologies by social constructivists including developers, engineers, and investors is shaped by their values and visions
        
        Interpretive Flexibility
        
        It is the cultural context that determines the significance of artifacts and not the artifact.
        
        How artifacts are designed and how people think or interpret them is flexible.
        
        Closure and Stabilization
        
        Over time an artifact is given a specific meaning and use.
        
        Wider Context
        
        Socio-cultural and political factors influence the norms and values of a social group, which in turn influence the meaning ascribed to an artifact.
        
        For understanding the value of artifacts and how they fit within society, norms and values are powerful frameworks.
        
        Social After-Effects
        
        The transformation/influence on social relations and experiences based on adopting on technology over another
      - Actor Network Theory (ANT)
        
        It takes the view that the world is made up of continuous and related webs and examines the relationships between its actors.
        
        Actors or Actants
        
        The range of forms from human beings to concepts, technologies, institutions, etc.
        
        Spaces of Prescription & Negotiation
        
        This type of network has a well-defined and recognizable centre. These networks are generally stable and adhere to pre-established rules and regulations.
        
        Networks where the connections between different social actors are constantly renegotiated
        
        Network
        
        Interactions among people, objects, or organizations with a shared purpose enable them to function as an integrated unit by sharing resources and participants.
        
        Limitations of ANT
        
        Heterogeneous Actors & Networks
        
        It ignores the role of human agency in decision-making, giving equal weight to human and non-human actors. Power and economic interests play a significant role in the development of technology.
        
        Networks Remain Vague
        
        Network structure and composition, as well as the connections that link various actors, are not sufficiently described.
        
        Macro-Structures are ignored
        
        Does not account for the role played by the social structure, social norms, and cultural practices in shaping the network and its configuration at the macro-level.
- - - - The lack of moral values and direction of technology has led to its perceived impartiality, hindering any in-depth analysis of social change
    - - A belief that technology is actively shaping or being shaped by human progress culture, politics, or social values
  - - - Technologies' ability to function independently within a selected set of circumstances affects social interactions and thought systems are shaped by social technology, which follows its own internal logic.
    - - Humans' ability to control, design, and shape technology or technological systems
  - - - A theory proposing that technology is the driving force in developing the structure of society and culture.
      - Social Determinism
        
        The idea that social factors alone determine and shape uses of technology and the impact of how technology used and what its social consequences are
    - - A neutral way to analyze technology in order to fulfill users' specific requirements
    - - Technological innovation has brought forth new social, political, and cultural systems, which have been structured and controlled by it
    - - Both technical and social factors contribute to the development of technology.
        
        Flexible enough to adapt to varying social influences and values of its.
        
        Technocracy
        
        Scientific, technological, or research-based unions, groups, or organizations whose knowledge, skills, and expertise influence or define decisions regarding technical or scientific developments
        
        Hegemonic Elites
        
        Those who exert power and influence over the rest of society through their political, social, economic, or other influence
- - - - Access to the Internet
        
        A computer or some other digital tool that allows users to connect to the Internet.
- - - - The availability of digital tools such as computers, cellphones, phablets, laptops, and tablets
  - - - Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
        
        Digital devices for storing, retrieving, manipulating, exchanging, or receiving digitally stored information
  - - - A program created to address issues of the digital divide. A fibre-optic satellite data network that will enable Canada and the world to conduct cutting-edge research and big science
    - - The Access Divide
        
        Assesses whether or not an individual has access to the Internet, what type of access the individual has and how frequently they use it
      - The Skills Divide
        
        The technology skills gap between those with and those without knowledge of information and communication technologies
        
        Technical Competence
        
        Information and communication technology proficiency is demonstrated by knowledge and/or skills associated with an understanding of how information and communication technologies work and how they can be applied effectively.
        
        Information Literacy
        
        Using information and communication technologies in a successful manner, including the ability to navigate, operate, and use information resources
      - The Economic Opportunity Divide
        
        Digital technologies offer a number of benefits, including finding a job, getting medical information, and taking online courses
      - The Democratic Divide
        
        Internet usage for political engagement is correlated with income and education differences.
        
        Individuals vary in their ability to navigate online and locate relevant information.
      - The Social Media Divide
        
        the constantly changing nature of the Internet has social implications
        
        It is now viewed as critical to be able to use social media effectively
        
        Social Capital
        
        These relationships are shaped by our social interactions, networks, and connections, as well as the resources we are able to access through these connections
        
        Cultural Capital
        
        Our education, cultural knowledge, and understanding of social norms allow us to achieve these resources and statuses.
        
        Allows individuals to identify as a member of specific groups and make social claims.
        
        Social Networking Site
        
        Developed or maintained by websites, applications, or platforms that facilitate the development or maintenance of virtual social relationships between people who have similar interests, experiences, or connections
- - - - Lack of Support
        
        Cultural Barriers
        
        Electricity Supply
        
        Political Barriers
        
        Inconsistent and inequitable access to ICTs may be caused by political instability, censorship, and regional war
        
        Electricity is not always available
        
        In the absence of widespread adoption, it may be difficult to accept new technologies and practices
        
        There may be a difficulty in finding others with previous experience with computers and the Internet to assist them with troubleshooting hardware, software, and Internet problems.
      - Most rural areas in the Global South lack access to hardware, software, and Internet connectivity
- - - - Rewriting of social boundaries set out by class race and status
        
        The telephone that telecommunications and society became so intertwined
- - - - Smartphones
        
        The increase usage of smartphone technologies also impact emerging economics
        
        Friendship
        
        Interactions established on a voluntary and informal basis by two or more parties that occur via the Internet between individuals in a virtual sphere
        
        Social media introduces fundamentally different norms on friendship
        
        Persistence
        
        How data on social networking sites can archive and retrieve personal data
        
        Searchability
        
        Information about others can be accessed using digital data
        
        Replicability
        
        Content which can be reproduced online and inserted into other contexts
        
        Invisible Audience
        
        Determining the identity of the audience if unknown to the creator of content posting on the Internet
        
        Social process have transforms online leading to greater engagement
        
        Social Comparison
        
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        Feedback-Seeking
        
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- - - - Requiring the individual to swipe through potential candidates by customized profiles
    - - Problematic behaviour associated with breakups
        
        Breakup 2.0
        
        Using social digital technologies to serve the process of breaking up
        
        Cyberstalking
        
        Social media stalking, following someone's Internet activities obsessively
        
        Ghosting
        
        The process of suddenly cutting communication with someone without explanation
- - - - Deliberate Behaviour
        
        Repeated
        
        The assistance of digital technologies
    - - Conflict between people, that can take place in person or online
  - - - The perpetrators of cyberbullying targeted at inflicting psychological virtual harm on others in cyberspace
    - - Any individual who witnesses cyberbullying via harmful texts, photos, or memes
    - - The individual targeted by cyberbullies
        
        Ex. Amanda Todd
- - - - While this behaviour is welcomed, it can be considered odd if no interaction occurs
        
        Creeping
        
        A pervasive behaviour, compared to stalking
    - - Liquid Surveillance
      - Surveillance Capitalism
        
        Data collected from a variety of means for tracking individual movements or behaviour, such as the study of online search habits, and the use of self-tracking devices, can be monetized
- - - - Social determination of technology
        
        Focuses
        on the system in which it is embedded
        
        Technological determinism
        
        Technological developments can be attributed solely to internal dynamics. As a result, society conforms to their patterns without affecting other factors.
        
        Seeks to correct those who focus only on "computers and their social impacts" (Winner. 1980, p122)
        
        Fail to see the social contexts in which they were developed,
        deployed, and deployed used
        
        Technological politics
        
        A set of ideologies that are often mixed with liberal, conservative, Marxist, and socialist ideologies.
        
        Large-scale socio-technical systems
        
        The response of modern societies to particular technological advances, and the implications of human ends being fully met through technological means
        
        Political Phenomena
        
        Two types of political properties can be attributed to technical artifacts
        
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        Politics and ethics do not take into consideration how our artifacts are designed or arranged when evaluating technology.
- - - - Controversy
        
        Questions on how these technologies are to be used
        
        Ex. wearable devices collect
        data that can profoundly impact one's well-being
        
        Serious issues surrounding privacy and mental well-being.
        
        Ex. Facial recognition systems pioneered by the US military
        
        Racial profiling is an active application of facial recognition
      - Both Authors
        
        Promote on remaining ethically vigilant
        
        To analyze the use of both its benefits, disadvantages and process of production, distribution, and innovation structures
        
        To snof out political qualities
- - - - Individual born before 1985 are the last generation to have known life both before and after the digital revolution and to witness the changes with digital technology and users
    - - Losing its identity on the original purposes and meanings of the Internet and digital technology
        
        "The End of Absence"
        
        Filling up our free time while simultaneously losing our solitude
        
        Re-examine the idea of how our technologies use us as much as we use
        them
        
        We indulge in embracing technologies gift's
        
        Fail to consider what technology take from us in exchange for instant connection
        
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        Historical Context
        
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