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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, image, image, image, image,…
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
Religious wars
The low countries
rebellion against Spanish rule, civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
end with the victory of the Calvinists
1568-1648: Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War
France
bloody episodes
1572 (on St. Bartholomew's Day): massacre of Protestants
end in 1598: King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes (granted Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom)
wars between Catholics and Protestants
The British Isles
conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
end with the Anglicans winning
1639-1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
protestant kings and nobles gained more power
Diet of Worms took place
no agreement reached
Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but them Reformed
Schmalkaldic League
Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance
civil war: the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeat the League
1519: Carlos I (the Catholic Monarchs' grandson, King of Spain) was appointed Emperor
devout Catholic, want to prevent the division of the Church
1555: Peace of Augsburg signed
the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
1521: the Church excommunicate Luther and prosecute him for heresy
unsuccessful, had protection of the German nobles
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious, intellectual and political movement made by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
1545-1563: the Council of Trent
established the Catholic Church’s course of action areas
Internal reform
bishops, strictly controlled
sale of indulgences prohibited
seminaries and universities founded
religious orders reformed
measures taken to resolve internal corruption
Society of Jesus (founded in 1534) gained importance
Jesuits, the main group responsible for spreading these teachings
Repression of Protestantism
Inquisition reinforced
Index of forbidden books (opposing the Catholic faith) published
followers= heretics
Clarification of their teachings
maintained the principles the Protestants had rejected
the Pope, the highest authority
venerate the Virgin Mary and the saints
observe the seven sacraments
priests interpret the Bible, to avoid deviations
carry out good deeds to achieve salvation
OIHANE TXARROALDE26 3.A
