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Newborn Period, Basic Theories of Infancy, Social Situation of Development…

- - - - S. Bernfeld: from water-breathing being -> air breather
        variable temp -> constant temp
      - S. Ferenczi: endoparasite -> exoparasite
- - - - life is interwoven and involved in social life of the people around the child
    - - reflexological school = reject presence of mental life -> infant as living automation
      - child's cry = pessimistic idea; suffering =dominant at very beginning of existence
    - - newborn has rudiments of mental life in most primitive degree
        
        brain centers immature
        
        cortex
        
        development of higher forms of conscious activity
        
        central nervous system
        
        proof of rudimentary mnentality = soon after birth, we can observe basic process of life that connect mental states
        
        examples: movements that express mental state of happines, mood elevation, grief, sadness, anger, fright/alarm, surprise, hesitation
        connected with hunger, thirst, satiation, satisfaction
        
        W. Stern: newborn = reflexes + first traces of consciousness
        presence of pleasant/unpleasant emotional states
        
        C. Buehler (p. 213): child only gradually isolates/separates stimuli acting on him as something coming from external world
        
        child experiences all stimuli/everything that surrounds them as a subjective state ONLY - not as objects acting on them
      - mental life has unique character
        
        exclusive dominance of nondifferentiated/nonarticulated experiences representing a fusion of drive/affect/sensation
        
        mentality of newborn = not separating himself and his experience from the perception of objective things
        
        not differentiating social & physical objects
        
        initial perceptions of infant = nonarticulated impressions of the situation as a whole
        perception/sensation = NOT differentiated
        
        ALL external impressions appear as inseparable from affect/sensible tone of perception that colors them
        
        amorphous perception of the situation as a whole= a background aginst which a defined/structured scine is isolated fo rhte child
        child perceives this as special against backgroundn
        
        newborn does not exhibit social behavior
        
        child's first contact with man lies beyond the limit of the newborn period
        
        requires mental processes that make child "conscious" that someone is playing with them
        
        socialability of newborn = complete passivity
- - - - collostrum of mother; later mother's milk
    - - polyphasic character of sleep
        
        short periods of sleep alternate with islets of wakefulness
        
        12 periods of sleep in first 3 mos
        
        middle state between waling and sleep
        
        D Canestrini: brain pulse curve not noticeable difference between wake/sleep
      - newborn spends 80% of time asleep
        
        continuation of embryonic behavior: vegetative processes
      - characterized as restless, intermittent, and superficial
        
        impulsive movements; eats while sleeping
      - first week of life: child continues uterine life/retains its mental traits
        
        child retains embryonal pose in sleep/wake state
        
        4 mos old: observe another sleep pose
    - - motor reactions in response to internal/external stimuli
        
        F Doflein divides mammalian offspring by extrauterine dependence
        
        2: hibernating animals = born helpless; spend childhood in den
        
        3: offspring carried by their mothers
        
        4: running offspring: completely developed; begin running almost immediately; eat plants + nurse
        
        marsupials: pouch = external womb
      - Cannot move independently through space
        
        is carried - transition between fetus and walking child
    - - postmature birth: first months of birth=uterine development
        
        postmature child - presents acceleration of development from beginning (Gesell) p. 210
        
        extra month in utero = moves extrauterine development ahead by a month
        
        coefficient of mental dev = one extra month of extrauterine dev
      - premature birth: last months of embryonal development = extrauterine development
        
        last 2 mos uterine development & first 2 mos extrauterine development closely connected
        
        child is viable 7 mos in utero
        
        behavioral mechanisms are almost ready to function and development rate slows
        
        i.e., most organs and systems are mostly developed
        
        coefficient of mental dev = corrected to uterine development finishing during extrauterine development
      - partisans of evolutionistic views of ChDev:
        
        correct: connection between uterine and extrauterine development
        
        incorrect: do not note dialectical leap child makes in transition from one to the other
        
        Gesell: development of behavior continues forward in ontogenetic order, regardless of timing of brith
        
        growth curve=same for premature and mature babies
- - - - one week - one month
      - M.S. Maslov & Vygotsky = these processes have NO effect on general state of child
        
        Consider totality of anatomic-physiological traits + metabolism
    - - 10-21 days
    - - first social reactions
        
        appearance of smile in response to conversation = first reaction of child to human voice
        
        a cry by one child at end of 1 month evokes responsive cry in another
- - - - turning over
      - everything in infant behavior is intertwined into sociable
      - dependence on adult caregivers
        
        unique characters of child's relations to reality and themsleves
        
        every relation of the child to outside world = relation refracted through relation to another person
      - feeding
      - changing
- - - - motor system - 2nd month
      - affect = alpha & omega -> connected to first subcortical centers of brain and frontal lobes (last part) of mental development
  - - - drop in amount of sleep and fewer interrupted periods of sleep
      - perceptive activity during wakeful state
    - - more varied and lasts longer
    - - playful experimentation
      - babbling
      - first active use of sensory organs
      - first active reaction to position
      - first coordination of two simultaneously acting organs
      - first social reactions
        
        expressive movement connected with satisfaction and surprise
    - - interest in all this makes possible development in every other area