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Global Gov - Oceans: 2.2.1 - Coggle Diagram
Global Gov - Oceans: 2.2.1
Intro to global gov of the oceans:
1967 - Malta's ambassador to the UN said nations must open their eyes to the conflict that could arise and destroy the oceans e.g pollution, minerals, Cold War spreading to oceans
Lead to creation of UN Seabed Committee - banned nuclear warheads in ocean
1982 - UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) - 160 state reps discussed and negotiated set of rules for oceans - comprehensive doc
Set up the zones of the ocean:
see image from 20/3/2022
Territorial waters - 12 nautical miles from the baseline - sovereign state has jurisdiction over - may allow ships to pass through
Contingous zone - 24 nautical miles from baseline (including 12 from territorial waters) country doesn't own these waters but has right to fine for customs, implement migration policies and therefore affectively has jusristiction
Exclusive Economic Zone - up to 200 nautical miles - country can lay claim to fishing rights, drilling and exploration - can cause conflict if overlap - state can take necessary steps to protect these waters e.g inspection, arrests
International waters/High seas - from 200 miles - no sovereignty - all states have right to fish, drill, cable lay
SDG 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources - reduce pollution, regulate harvesting and over-fishing
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - attempts to stop illegal trade of species - multi-lateral treaty - 1975 - now adopted by 181
Superpowers in relation to the oceans:
Strategic value of oceans for them:
"String of pearls": policy implemented by china - every 'pearl' reps a sphere of influence which china secures along the Indian Ocean - strategic placement of 'pearls' makes a chain of hubs for economic and military intelligence
Examples:
Upgraded airstrip in Parcel archipelago
Construction of deep water port in Myanmar
Navy base in Pakistan constructed
Intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Bengal
China will be able to secure a steady flow of resources - intelligence and physical
Pros:
Political influence expansion in the region for China
countries supporting/offering their territory may receive financial compensation
Cons
Causes tensions between other partners e.g building base in Pakistan causes conflict with India
China may not have the most pure motives
Chokepoints: strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region.
Panama Canal
Background:
Cuts through Panama and links Pacific and Atlantic
Opened 1914 to save 8 week travel around S.America
Takes 10hrs
Challenges:
Increasing capacity: required 3rd set of locks - allow greater number of ships and 25% bigger ships to pass through - more efficient use of water on new locks
Competition: Northwest Passage has begun to emerge - more ships will be able to use this Arctic passage
Needed to be made deeper to support larger ships
Suez Canal:
Background:
Links the Med to the Red - route through Egypt and Arab states
Approx 12% of global trade passes through it
Built to shorten journey into and out of Indian Ocean
1 week to go round Africa - 12-16hrs through canal
120 miles long
Challenges:
Piracy - v. close to Somalia - pirates know of the goods that travel through this chokepoints
If delays occur e.g Evergreen ship in the canal this will cause multiple delays drown supply chain
Suez crisis - Egypt nationalised the canal (2/3 of world's oil transported through it) brought British, French, Israeli troops in to regain control - they lost and retreated
Transit fees increase - 2007: US$4.6bn 2008:US$5bn - owned by Egypt
The British Empire:
Background:
Land the British owned - originated as trading posts from late 16th to early 18th century
23% of world's pop
24% of world's land
Political, hsitoral and cultural legacy is widespread
Sun never sets
Bristol maritime history:
2nd largest port in England -
Exported wooden cloth
Imported cotton - picked by slaves
How was Bristol globally connected?
London was on East coast - couldn't easily contribute to the slave trade or sending things to British colonies - so Bristol took on this role
Bristol is now starting to address its slave trade past
HMT Empire Windrush:
Over 1000 passengers
Jamaica to London
1948
People from around the Caribbean travelled to board this ship - 800 were from the Carribean
Migrated to UK as were offered citizenship to help fill employment gaps and rebuild the UK after WW2
Created distinct communities within areas