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Global Gov - Supra-national institutions: 2.2.6 - Coggle Diagram
Global Gov - Supra-national institutions: 2.2.6
Supranational institution: multinational union whereby members states concede some authority and sovereignty of internal matters by sharing decision making - based on international treaties
NATO
Background:
Created 1949 with 12 members
Now has 30 members - 28 European, 2 N.American
Intergovernmental military alliance
Purpose: guarantee freedom and security of members, promote democracy
Strengths:
Germany and US now pay 16% each of running cost - reducing US dependancy
States bound by values of democracy, human rights, market economies
Technologically advanced military alliance
Spends 70% of world’s military expenditure
Weaknesses:
Not all member spend 2% of GDP on defence - 2020 10 members reached or exceeded target
Question over support of attacked under Article 5
Over-reliant on US - used to pay 22% of running costs
UN - supra-national institutions, directed to specific goals including collective goals, peace-keeping, health, environmental and human rights concerns
Background:
193 members
Formed 1945
Strengths
Attempts to promote equality - UN mediators remain the international actors best positioned to secure sustainable peace deals
Without this institution many people would go without the basic necessities of life for example the UN agency of the World Food Programme - 2019 in Yemen reached 12m per month
30 mil+ refugees have received aid from the UN
International Court of Justice helps to uphold international laws and solve international disputes - Chile and Bolivia
Weaknesses:
Guiding climate action through UNSC - China and Russia tend to block - 2021 Russia vetoed resolution to define climate change as threat to international peace and security
Afghanistan: since Taliban takeover UN has had trouble gaining access to the country and establishing humanitarian corridors
Lack authority
G7
France, UK, Germany, Japan, US, Italy, Canada
Discuss economic and political issues of international importance
Founded 1975
Russia kicked out in 2014 over Crimea
Not supra-national institution as no formal rules
EU regularly invited
Strengths:
No formal objectives - can debate any relevant issues - flexibility
Refugee crisis: expressed unity with Europe as it confronted massive inflow
Trade: free trade commitment to fight protectionism - strengthen multilateral trading system centred around WTO
Covid - UK and US agreed on 100m vaccines to poorer countries
Weaknesses:
Outdated view of world economic order - BRICs not included
Made up of states that agree with each other - their ability to transform the political systems are limited as they are removed from their critics - expelling Russia confirms this - no attempt to use G8 as negotiating table with Russia
G7’s flexibility + informal approach makes it difficult to hold members accountable to the commits made at the summits
Forum for wealthiest, most powerful countries to preserve their own interests
EU:
BAckground:
Formed 1957 as the EEC
27 members
current form since 1993
Real trading and economic ability
Strengths:
Freedom of movement for goods, services and people - Schengen Agreement
Sets out minimal level of gov and law for members to build on - helping to promote democracy and stability
European Court of Justice decision is binding on members
Weaknesses:
European Court of Human Rights is not binding
Inequality of trade tariffs for non-members - doesn't foster development in non-members
UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation):
Founded 1945
Promotes world peace and security in areas of education, science and culture
Strengths:
UNESCO's programmes contribute to the achievement of the SDGs
UNESCO preserves 1073 designated heritage sites in 167 countries
Publishes regional and national history
G20:
19 members + EU
Addresses issues relating to international financial stability and relevant socio-political issues
Founded 1999 - as G7 didn't include emerging eocnomies
Strengths:
Balance between traditional economic powers and NEEs
Has taken decisive action on both economic & non-economic matters - central role in creating consensus amongst states to inject large sums of money into banks to ensure they didn’t collapse and lend to each other during global financial crisis
Widening of G20 agenda to include non-economic matters provides another international forum for dispute resolution + create personal connections between leaders, can make joint statements on issues
Key economic IGOs, Bretton Woods Institutions, UN attend all of meetings - G7, only EU regularly attend
Accounts for ⅔ of world population, more than ⅘ of gross world product and ¾ of world trade
Weaknesses:
G20 summits conclude with a communique, agreed by every state in attendance - some say they are ‘watered down’ outcomes and states should push for more
States cannot be held accountable for the decisions or agree to.
G77:
Group of developing countries
Actually 134 countries - 77 founding in 1964
Including SA, South Sudan
Strengths:
Lobby developed countries to do more on issues e.g climate change
Does get recognition from China and financial contributions - often meeting include China (even though not officially member) - could be useful in future with rise of China
Weaknesses:
Agreement is difficult
Minimal global impact
Global governance; move towards political cooperation, aims at negotiating responses that solve problems experienced by more than 1 state e.g UN, ICC, ICJ - requires authority granted to them by members