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Ch.10 Lipids, Triacylglycerols三酸甘油酯 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - examples :one: Glycosphingolipids
        鞘醣脂 :star2: 決定血型
        
        The structure of sugar is determined by an expression
        of specific glycosyltransferases醣轉移酶.
  - - - The tetracycle structure of sterols is almost planar. 四環平坦
      - examples :one: Cholesterol
        膽固醇
        
        Mammals obtain cholesterol from food or synthesize it de novo in the liver.
        
        Cholesterol, bound to proteins, is transported to
        tissues via blood vessels.
        
        Cholesterol and related sterols are present in the membranes of most eukaryotic cells.
        
        Many hormones are derivatives of sterols.
      - examples :two: Steroid Hormone
        固醇類荷爾蒙
        
        Steroids are oxidized derivatives of sterols.
        
        They are more polar than cholesterol.
        
        Many of the steroid hormones are male and female
        sex hormones.
  - - - Primary constituents of cell membranes.
      - The phosphate group is charged at physiological pH.
      - Unsaturated fatty acids are commonly found connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate.
        
        The highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by an
        alcohol; such substituent groups are called the head groups
      - examples :one: Phosphatidylcholine
        磷脂膽鹼 /卵磷脂
        
        major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes.
        
        Many prokaryotes, including E. coli, cannot synthesize this lipid; their membranes do not contain phosphatidylcholine.
      - examples :two: ether lipids : Plasmalogen
        縮醛磷脂
        
        Vinyl ether analog of phosphatidylethanolamine
      - examples :three: ether lipids : Platelets-Activating Factor
        PAF血小板活化因子
        
        Aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine
    - - The backbone of sphingolipids is NOT glycerol.
      - A fatty acid is joined to sphingosine via an amide link醯胺鍵, rather than an ester linkage as usually seen in lipids.
      - examples :one: Ceramide
        神經醯胺
      - examples :two: Sphingomyelin
        神經鞘磷脂
        
        Ceramide (sphingosine + amide-linked fatty acid) +
        phosphocholine attached to the alcohol.
        
        Sphingomyelin is abundant in myelin sheath that
        surrounds some nerve cells in animals.
        
        Sphingomyelin Is Structurally Similar to Phosphatidylcholine
- - - - Enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid yields:
        
        prostaglandins前列腺素 (inflammation and fever)
        
        thromboxanes血栓素 (formation of blood clots)
        
        leukotrienes白三烯 (smooth muscle contraction in lungs)
  - - - Synthesized from Cholesterol
      - Regulates Calcium Metabolism
    - - Derived from β-carotene
    - - 彼此結抗
- - - - high heat capacity (can "absorb" heat)
      - mechanical protection (can absorb shocks)
      - low thermal conductivity
    - - hydrophobic nature: keeps surface of the organism dry
  - - - vitamin K: blood clot formation
      - coenzyme Q: ATP synthesis in mitochondria
    - - vitamin A, D, E, K