CURRICULUM OF ECOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY IN STPM 
TOPIC 15: ECOLOGY
TOPIC 16: SELECTION AND SPECIATIONS
TOPIC 14 : TAXONOMY & BIODIVERSITY
15.3 Energy Flow
15.4 Population Ecology
15.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
15.5 Carrying Capacity
15.1 Levels of Ecological Organisation and Their Interactions between Biotic & Abiotic Factors
15.6 Quantative Ecology
14.3 Biodiversity in Malaysia
14.4 Threats to biodiversity
14.2 Diversity of Organisms
14.5 Conservation of Biodiversity
14.1 Taxonomy
Definition of energy flow using the first and second laws of thermodynamics
- Importance of taxonomy in biological science
- Concept of species, how species are classified into higher categories in a taxonomic hierarchy
Morphological characteristics of the following phyla in the kingdom;
- Protoctista (Chlorophyta and
Zoomastigina)
- Fungi (Zygomycota)
different levels and examples of biodiversity in Malaysia
- Plantae ((Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta, Angiospermophyta)
- Animalia ((Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata).
ecosystem/ community diversity
species/ taxonomic diversity
genetic diversity
Natural and man-made factors that threaten biodiversity in Malaysia
Efforts to address the threats
Conservation in Malaysia
In Situ Conservation
Ex situ Conservation
Individual organism of a species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Carbon cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Sulphur cycle
Niche
Ecological niche
Realised niche
Habitat
Microhabitat
How organisms utilise and interacts with their environment to live and survive
Group of organisms within the same species living together
Mix of different species living together
Living and non-living things components existing together in an environment
Importance of all these 3 cycles
Major biotic community typically characterized by dominant vegetations and climatic condidtions. Eg rainforest biome, savannah biome
Earth surface and atmosphere occupied by living organisms which include interactions between different ecosystems
Efficiency of energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem of tropical rainforest and aquatic ecosystem of lake
16.1 Natural and artificial selection
16.2 Speciation
variation
continuous
discontinuous
natural selection
disruptive
directional
stabilising
isolation
genetic drift
hybridisation
adaptive radiation
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Natality
Mortality
Biotic potential
Migration
Population growth
Survivorship
Characteristics of populations
Survivorship curves
K-strategies / R-strategies
S growth
J growth
Type II
Type III
Type I
Carrying capacity and sustainable development
Factors limiting the population size and distribution
Quadrant and line transect sampling methods
Sampling parameters and population size of organisms
Frequency
Density
Absolute and relative estimations
Pattern of distribution of organisms in an ecosystem