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Connecting Challenging Behaviors to Early Childhood Development Theories,…

- - - - Theory according to Lev Vygotsky:
        Vygotsky's theory of thought and language is culturally and environmentally based. He stresses that the culture changes the private and public behavior of the individual.
        Also, Vygotsky mentioned that the child needs to reach the Zone of Proximal.
        This is an important concept that relates to the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner. For behavior management, the child needs to learn how to self-regulate with the guide of the MKO. In addition, Vygotsky also believe that language plays a very important role of social interaction.
        
        Examples 1:
        A behavior that the student is seeking our for attention. Whenever the teacher gives instruction to the class, the student will call out "I know, it's so easy" but the truth is he does not know and he wants the rest of the students to think that he is smart and he will have more friends.
        
        Solutions:
        Before implementing any strategies, teachers and student support team might want to find out the reason why students are behaving this way. If it is because of the environment and the culture change, then these strategies might work for this students.
        
        Meet up with the parents to talk about partnership (MKO)
        
        Talk to the counselor to give the students more support
        
        Talk to the student if they need time or space
        
        Give the student time to adapt to the new environment
        
        MKO - Model a positive behavior in the classroom
        
        References:
        https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2014-55592-002.html
        https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html
        
        Examples 2:
        Having a hard time socializing with others because of different cultures or beliefs. Trying to adapt to the environment to seek for more attention.
        
        Usually this case happens when students or family just moved from another country, or switch from a different school where there are culture differences.
        
        According to Vygotsky (1978), much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor. The tutor may model behaviors and/or provide verbal instructions for the child.
        The more knowledgeable other (MKO) is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.
    - - Example 1) Ask the child to wait for his/her/their turn and give an opportunity to share to those who raise hands. The child will watch(observe) and try to raise hands to gain the same chance to share. When the child does that, teacher can give a compliment which will strengthen the action.
      - Example 2) Ask a behavioral psychologist to help observe and evaluate his/her/their behavior to identify the environmental factors that may reinforce the tantrum(environmental variables).
        
        Based on the assessment data, teacher can: Create a carpet area where kids can freely share about their learning/feeling with their peers (environment)
      - References: https://www.mentalhelp.net/anxiety/operant-conditioning/
        https://www.nonstopteaching.com/2017/07/burrhus-frederic-skinner-operant.html
        https://www.good2knownetwork.org/g2k-info-hub/tantrums-and-challenging-behavior-in-early-childhood
        https://study.com/academy/lesson/operant-conditioning-in-the-classroom-definition-and-examples.html
      - Example 3) Communicate with parents about the students' behavior so that teacher and parents can work as a team:
        
        -build consistent reinforcement/punishment system
        
        (e.g. Giving more activity choices when the child shows patience)
        
        -provide learning environment that the child feel safe and respected
        
        (e.g. Telling the child that he/she/they will have an equal chance to share their ideas but he/she/they need to wait for the turn)
  - - - Example 2: In the process of accommodation the teacher realizing her students are squirmy, decides to take a quick break to have them do a dance and freeze or Go Noodle exercise. Once her students have mastered old videos, she introduces them to new ones so they can develop cognitively through song and movement.
        
        References: https://www.neeuro.com/blog/behavior-management
- - - - Example 2: Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence. The teacher uses Class Dojo to create a point/reward system in the class. Students are made aware at the start of the school year how many points they need to earn specific prizes throughout the school year. They can also receive minus points. The teacher highlights good and bad behavior so they are aware of them. Students who don't get enough points, don't receive prizes at the end of each week.
        
        References: https://www.ipl.org/essay/John-B-Watsons-Theory-Of-Behaviorism-F3DHM92FJE86
  - - - Theory according to Pavlov: Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning states that a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus can be learned to be associated with each to produce a desired outcome.
        
        Example: Pavlov's research assistants would always wear white lab coats to feed Pavlov's dogs. Eventually, the dogs would start salivating in response to seeing the research assistants' white lab coats, which the dogs had come to associate with the presentation of food.
        
        Solutions for the classroom: Use a bell, music or clap (netural stimulus) to signal students that a transition is occurring (unconditioned stimulus) and that they need to move on to the next activity. This must be continuously practiced until students associate the bell, music or clap with immediately transitioning.
        
        Reference: https://positivepsychology.com/classical-conditioning-classroom-examples/
    - - Example: Thorndike had a cat that was placed in a puzzle box. The cat eventually learned that they would have to press a lever (action) to exit the box (result).
        
        Solutions for the classroom: Give praise and/or use a reward system for the student to encourage positive behavior. Or have the student sit at their classroom table seat until they are ready to join the group again.
        
        Reference: https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/connectionism/#:~:text=The%20learning%20theory%20of%20Thorndike,frequency%20of%20the%20S-R%20pai