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Connecting challenging behaviour to Early Childhood Development theories. …

- - - - Lev vygotsky claimed that initial development was prompted by the child’s immediate social interactions, but that, as learning became internalized, there was a shift to the individual level. For Vygotsky, children were apprentices who learned from and alongside those with greater experience who understood their abilities and needs.
        
        When it comes to dealing with shy students, understanding the root of the issue is a good way to start. For a lot of students it may be genetic. Other students may show signs of shyness because they’re in a new and unfamiliar environment. Based on Lev Vygotsky's theory, its important for the teacher to interact with the child's immediate social interaction( Family), as this can help get to the root cause of the issuse.
        
        Solutions
        
        Use positive reinforcement
        
        Let them move at their own pace
        
        Create safe spaces With friends
        
        Avoid labeling them
        
        Learn their triggers
        
        Give them minor task in the classroom.
        
        Set manageable goals: talking to one person at playtime is more realistic than joining in with a noisy game of basketball.
        
        Celebrate their achievements. Recognize when they’ve stepped out of their comfort zone and give lots of praise.
        
        Focus on student's interest.
        
        Reference
        https://www.firstdiscoverers.co.uk/lev-vygotsky-child-development-theories/#:~:text=Vygotsky's%20sociocultural%20theory%20asserts%20that,development%20of%20higher%20psychological%20functions.
        
        https://www.teachstarter.com/us/blog/10-ways-teachers-can-support-shy-students-us/
        
        https://www.babycenter.com/child/behavior/aggression-in-children-why-it-happens-and-what-to-do-about-i_66637
        https://www.teachstarter.com/us/blog/10-ways-teachers-can-support-shy-students-us/
        https://www.wgu.edu/heyteach/article/encouraging-students-participate-how-help-shy-students-speak1809.html
        https://youtu.be/dh_Uc9DUtiY
        
        [How to deal with shyness in ECE]https://youtu.be/dh_Uc9DUtiY
        
        [Lev Vygotsky]https://youtu.be/lHf4UjCfDaE
      - https://www.healthline.com/health/shyness#causes
      - https://plantingseedstutoring.com/combating-shyness-in-the-classroom/
  - - - Vygotsky's theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning". Based on Vygotsky's theory on adult involvement in a child's cognitive development, I believe it's important that teacher and parent work together with students to build a healthy community where students can trive.
        
        Solutions
        
        Being empathetic and kind can help form a connection. Praising them when you’re able and letting them know you care and are there if they need you would also be helpful.
        
        Teachers can help by being a trusted adult they can talk with. When you notice signs of anxiety, you can let them know you’re available if they’re struggling.
        
        Teachers of young children may want to consider having a “breathing space” area in their room for kids to go to when they are struggling. This could be as simple as a corner of the room that is equipped with a beanbag chair and books for the child to take a moment alone.
        
        talking with parents to learn more about the student and how you can best support them
        
        allowing students extra time to do work
        
        learning how to coach students to self-calm with breathing and other relaxation techniques
        
        giving them daily schedules
        
        modifying assignments and reducing workloads when necessary
        
        promoting relaxation techniques and allowing for breaks throughout the day
        
        supporting parents in helping kids get to school, even if it means arriving late or adapting class schedules
        
        allowing them a safe space and ability to go speak with a counselor, if needed
        
        easing anxiety in the classroom by pairing with a peer
        
        Reference
        
        https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-factsheet.html
        
        https://www.education.sa.gov.au/schools-and-educators/health-safety-and-wellbeing/specific-conditions-and-needs/supporting-children-and-students-anxiety
        
        https://childmind.org/article/classroom-anxiety-in-children/
        
        https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/starting-preschool/issues/school-anxiety/
        
        https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/anxiety-factsheet.html
      - https://youtu.be/O29e4rRMrV4
      - https://www.weareteachers.com/help-students-with-anxiety/
  - - - [Hand flapping]
        https://youtu.be/k0Tqt_gnkKc
    - - (https://youtu.be/8I2hrSRbmHE)
    - - [Self controlling games][Link Title]https://youtu.be/H_O1brYwdSY
- - - - https://youtu.be/hhNxeYYyCSQ
  - - - This behaviour connects to theorist Jean Piaget. He said that students already have a basic knowledge and new knowledge is added to this existing knowledge. Students also learn through doing rather than by being told.
        
        When looking at tantrums students already have the knowledge to act out when they're upset (throwing the tantrum). The response the students receive from the tantrums add new knowledge to their behaviours. If they get what they want through the tantrum they are more likely to repeat the behaviour. Instead of telling the student to stop the behaviour the teacher needs to teach the student the acceptable behaviour or ways to express emotion and then practice the behaviour when those feelings come up.
        
        Solutions to tantrums:
        
        Having open conversations about behaviour with the classroom- creating problems and having students try and provide solutions for them. These conversations allow students to breakdown their ideas of good behaviour and introduce new ideas in their schema.
        
        When the child is throwing a tantrum- give them the space to calm down, when they've calmed down speak to them about their feelings and look for other ways to deal with behaviour together (create a sort of game plan of "If I'm feeling really upset I can..."). - students learn by doing (constructivism) and for them to be able to do that they need to be part of the discussion creating what works for them.
        
        Introduce activities that require students to rediscover or reconstruct what they understand as good behaviour.
        
        Offer positive encouragement.
        
        Be consistent.
        
        Give students realistic expectations.
        
        References:
        
        https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
        
        https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457
        
        https://www.leaderinme.org/blog/learning-theories/
        
        https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/challenging-behaviour-in-the-classroom/
        
        https://blog.cincinnatichildrens.org/healthy-living/child-development-and-behavior/preventing-preschool-temper-tantrums
        
        https://youtu.be/IhcgYgx7aAA
  - - - This behaviour connects to theorist Piaget. He said that students already have a basic knowledge and new knowledge is added to this existing knowledge. Students also learn through doing rather than by being told.
        
        In the classroom this could look like: students that refuse to follow instructions could quite simply lack the knowledge in their schema. Everything that they are learning could be new knowledge and this could take time to be learned behaviour. If student are able to get away with this behaviour and the teacher not noticing or responding they will continue, whereas if the teacher adjusts how they give instructions (see solutions below) it could be easily for students to learn to follow the instructions (constructivism - learn by doing).
        
        Solutions:
        
        Keep instructions short, simple, and clear.
        
        Stay calm.
        
        Repeat instructions in bite sizes.
        
        Get students attention
        
        Show students that you care as a teacher.
        
        Wait
        
        Model correct behaviour
        
        Praise those following the instructions
        
        Visual cues.
        
        Check for understanding (CCQ - concept checking questions, ICQ - instruction checking questions)
        
        References:
        
        https://www.teachwire.net/news/your-step-by-step-guide-for-dealing-with-a-student-who-just-wont-follow-instructions
        
        https://www.smartclassroommanagement.com/2012/02/25/what-to-do-when-students-ignore-your-instructions/
        
        https://www.understood.org/articles/en/10-tips-to-help-your-child-follow-directions
        
        https://thehighlyeffectiveteacher.com/10-ways-to-deal-with-a-student-who-wont-engage/
        
        https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473227/
        
        https://youtu.be/EYbCE1udazw
- - - - Solutions
        
        Stay calm
        
        Don't give in to tantrums
        
        Highlight positive behavior
        
        Help kids learn to express themselves by naming emotions
        
        Know the child’s patterns and identify triggers
        
        Find appropriate rewards
        
        References
        1.https://www.education.com/magazine/article/reasons-kids-fight/
        
        https://childmind.org/article/aggression-in-children-causes/
        
        https://health.clevelandclinic.org/6-ways-to-deal-with-your-childs-aggressive-behavior/
        
        https://study.com/academy/lesson/ivan-pavlov-and-classical-conditioning-theory-experiments-contributions-to-psychology.html
        
        https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-childhood-psychology/chapter/how-do-we-act-exploring-behavior/#:~:text=Classical%20Conditioning%20and%20Emotional%20Responses,like%20milk%20and%20mildew!).
        
        https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-conditioning-2794859
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd7Jdug5SRc
        
        This behavior can be linked to Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning theory helps us to understand how our responses to one situation become attached to new situations. Pavlov states that all behaviors can be learned through a process known as conditioning. This means that all behavior could be a simple response to stimuli in the environment.
        
        Examples of Classical Conditioning
        
        a smell might remind us of a time when we were a kid (elementary school cafeterias smell like milk and mildew!). If you went to a new cafeteria with the same smell, it might evoke feelings you had when you were in school.
        
        a song on the radio might remind you of a memorable evening you spent with your first true love.
        
        Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations. Instead of feeling anxious and tense in these situations, the child will learn to stay relaxed and calm.
  - - - Solutions
        
        Have age-appropriate expectations for your child’s behavior based on his or her current skills and abilities
        
        Make sure your child’s schedule, routines, and transitions are predictable and consistent. At meal and bedtimes, try to do things in the same way and at the same times. Young children thrive when they know what will happen next.
        
        Offer activities and materials that allow your child to relax and release tension. Some children like yoga or deep breathing. Offer playdough, foam balls, bubbles, soft music, and other stress-reducing items.
        
        Use positive guidance strategies to help your child develop self-control
        
        Provide items to bite, such as teething rings or clean, wet, cold washcloths stored in the refrigerator.
        
        References
        
        https://www.naeyc.org/our-work/families/understanding-and-responding-children-who-bite
        
        This behavior can be connected to theorist Piajet.Piajet created the 4 cognitive stages of development. Biting problems fit in between both the sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage. In the sensorimotor stage, the child is discovering sights, sounds, and touches. During this stage, the child is most likely teething and explains their biting problems. If this progresses to the early preoperational stage, it probably has become a problem and this behavior is used for other motives (gain attention/being angry). The preoperational stage is very egocentric, which explains the neediness of gaining attention.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TA9GYqXzIhc
  - - - Solutions
        
        Step in and stop it immediately
        
        Lower your voice—don’t raise It
        
        Practice ways to de-fuse your child’s anger
        
        Teach kids that aggression is wrong
        
        Tell the child to “Use Your Words”.
        
        References
        
        https://www.empoweringparents.com/article/hitting-biting-and-kicking-how-to-stop-aggressive-behavior-in-young-children/
        
        https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html#:~:text=Skinner%20is%20regarded%20as%20the,less%20likely%20to%20be%20repeated.
        
        This behavior can be connecter to theorist B. F. Skinner. Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this principle, behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is less likely to be repeated.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne6o-uPJarA
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy20ktBJWbQ