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Topic 2
Crime Statistics, Overall Evaluation for Ethnicity and Crime
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Topic 2
Crime Statistics
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Ethnicity
Pattern of offending most crime is committed by:
- Working class males in urban areas
- Street crime / drug offences I've a representative of some minority ethnic groups (black minority)
Ministry of Justice
- Compared to white people, black people were over twice as likely to be cautioned by police, 3 times more likely to be arrested & five times more likely to be in prison
- Asians compared to white people were more likely to be charged in court then just receiving a caution & more likely to receive a custodial sentence an found guilty for long term
- Sharp and Budd found that black offenders were the most likely group to have contact with the criminal justice system in their lifetime
Why do MEG’s appear more in crime stats?
- Marginalisation
- Control Theory
- Subcultures
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Phillips & Bowling
- Indirect Racial Discrimination
- Direct Racial Discrimination
Indirect Racial Discrimination
1) Mistrust of the police
- MEG people are more likely than white offenders to co-operate with police offenders, and less likely to admit offences during interview
2) Social Position
- MEG more likely than white people to display the social characteristics which make a remand in custody more likely than release on bail as they are more likely to abscond
Direct Racial Discrimination
1) Stop and Search
- Black and Asian youths fit the stereotype of 'trouble makers' - targeted for heavier policing
- Fitzgerald - Police discrimination against MEG was greatest in situations where officers scope to exploit their institution - stop and search
- Ministry of justice - 2013 - compared to WP, AP are 2x more likely, BP 6x more likely to be stopped and searched - unjustified assumptions / racial stereotyping - only 1 in 10 SS ends in an arrest - 90% found not guilty
- Regular SS leads to SFP
2) Institutional Racism
- Investigation into the police handling of the murder of Stephen Lawrence = 'lacked agency' and was majorly criticised pointing to 'institutional racism' - Met Black Police Association - 2008 warned ethnic minorities not to join the force
3) Arrest, charges and court proceedings
- Charging without sufficient evidence
- CPS - drop MEG cases before reaching court
4) Discrimination in Sentencing
- Black people in the same position as white people greater likelihood being given a longer prison sentence
5) Overrepresentation in Prison
- 2013 made up over twice proportion of prisoners (26%) compared to their proportion in the population (12%)
- MEG are more exposed to brutal treatment in prisons (abuse and violence) - Asians 'Islamic Terrorists' and as 'security risks' in prison
Gender
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Offenders in 2017 = 4,000 female & 80,000 males
Overall Evaluation for Ethnicity and Crime
- Difficult to get specifics
- Compared to white people, MEGs tend to have higher proportions of youth people living in poverty so this may be a more important factor than ethnicity itself
- Provides substantial evidence that there are higher offending rates may be an exaggeration by racial stereotyping in the CJS
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Evaluation
- Lea and Young = Most crimes are reported by the public, not uncovered by the police, hard to explain black crime in terms of police racism
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Evaluation
- Walker criticises Murray** for relying solely on anecdotes and stories
- Statistical link between higher crime levels and lone parent families, probably more to do with the deprivation of such families rather than their structure and shape
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