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Neural control and coordination - Coggle Diagram
Neural control and coordination
Human Neural system
CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
ANS/VNS
Parasympathetic neural
Sympathetic neural
SNS
Neuron as structural and functional unit of neural system
Neuron or nerve cells
Cyton
Cell body
Soma
Perikyron
Process
Branched
Dendron(7-8)
Unbranched
Axon(1)
Nissl's granules
site of synthesis of protein
Form by ribosomes+ER
Present in Dendron, cyton
Absent in Axon hillok, axon
Schwan cell
responsible for formation of myelin
Only in PNS, not in CNS
Myelin sheath
Insulated layer
In CNS form by olygodendrocytes
In PNS form by schwann's cells
Where is myelinated and nonmyelinated available
CNS
Mostly neurons are myelinated
Continous
Conducted speed fastest
PNS
Myelinated
Discontinous
Saltatory conduction, Conducted speed medium
Nonmyelinated
Mostly nonmyelinated neuron are seen in ANS
Conducted speed slow
Node of ranvier
Nonmyelinated area between two myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Covering of schwann's cell
Axolemma
Covering of axon
Synaptic knob
Neurotransmitter
Direction of conductin
Unidirectional
Dendron -> cyton -> Axon
Types of neuron
Apolar
Dendron and axon are absent
Hydra
Unipolar
Axon is present , cyton is absent
Early embryo
Bipolar
Both dendron and axon are present
Retina of eye
Olfactory epithelium
Mutipolar
Many dendrites, one axon
CNS
Pseudopolar
Dorsal root of gangilia
Central neural system
Forebrain
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
Sensory area
Motor area
Corpus callosum
Only present in mammalian brain
Cerebral cortex (Grey matter)
Neuron cell bodies concentrated
Association area
Neither motor nor sensory
Lobes of each hemisphere
Frontal
Broca's area
Parietal
Sensory
Occipital
Visual
Temporal
Wernickes area
White matter
Olfactory lobes
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Emotional brain (Limbic system)
Hippocampus
Amygldala
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina
Two superior colliculi
Visual reflex
Two inferior collucli
Audiotory reflex
Hindbrain
Metencephalon
Pons
Cerebellum
Arbor vite
Tree of life
Myleincephalon
Medulla oblangata
Covering of brain
Meningis
Arachnord
Pia matter
Duramatter
Cebrospinal fluid
Present between Sub-arachnord space
Skull bone
Reflex action and reflex arc
Types of reflex
Controlling organs
Cranial
Salvation of food
Spinal
Withdrawal
Experience
Unconditional (In born)
Coughing
Conditional (Acquired)
Cycling
Reflex arc pathway
Skin(Receptor)
Sensory(Pseudounipolar)
CNS
Motor
Muscle(Effector)
Types of reflex arc
Mono sympatic
Interneuron absent
Jerk reflex
Polysynaptic
Interneuron present
All withdrawal reflex
Sensory reception and processing
Eye
Ear
Generation and conduction of impulse
Resting phase or polarised phase
Na-K pump
Leakage channel
Resting membrane potential = -70mV
More Permeable for K+
Depolarisation or action phase
More permeable for Na+
Action potential = 30mV
Opening Na-channels
Repolarisation
When it hit 30mV
Inactivation of Na-channel
Opening of K channel
Hyperpolarisation
More than -70mV polarisation of membrance potential
Due to late closing of K-Channel
Threshold stimulation
Conduction of impulse( Always move from positive to negative)
Inner membrane
From A to B
Outer membrane
From B to A
Transmission of impulse
Types of synapse
Electrical
Synaptic clift
0.2nm
Direction of impulse
Bidirectional
Neurotransmatter
Absent
Conduction speed
Fastest
Example
Cardiac muscle
Chemical
Conduction speed
Slow
Neurotransmatter
Present
Synaptic clift
20nm-50nm
Direction of impulse
Unidirectionaol
Chemical synapse is found more in the humans
Chemical synapse
EPSP
Ca pump
Exocytosis of neurotransmitter
Binding of neurotransmitter
Open Na LGC
Depolarization
How to stop neurotransmitter
AchE breaks down into Ach + Choline and stops transmission
How to form neurotransmitter again
Choline goes through Protein gate inside the axon
Choline + ActyA
ActyA comes from mitochondria
In the presence of Cholineacetyltransferase convert into Ach
Co enzyme go back into mitchondria
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Glumatate
Aspartate
Actylcholine
Ephierphrine
Norepinephrine
IPSP
Ca pump
Exocytosis of neurotransmitter
Binding of neurotransmitter
Open Ca LGC
Hyperpolarisation
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
Dopamine
Serotinine