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Blood - Coggle Diagram
Blood
Red Blood
Cells
Function -
oxygen transport
Produced in tissue inside
bones (haemopoiesis)
Size -
small
means Hb molecule close
to rbc surface aid diffusion
easy for flow through narrow
capillaries
Shape -
biconcave disc
shape
high SA:V ratio
maximises SA for fast ox
absorption
thin
short diffusion distance
flexible
can squeeze through
capillaries
Organelles
no nucleus or anything
more room for Hb
HAEMOGLOBIN
carries oxygen
conjugated globular
protein
consists
4
polypeptide chains
(2α + 2β)
each polypeptide has prosthetic
group -
HAEM
group - attached
each haem contains
IRON
each haem group binds
to one molecule of oxygen
= forming OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
each Hb molecule hold 4 Ox
physiological
adaption:
when ox levels
high
...
oxyhaemoglobin formed (lungs)
when ox levels are
low
...
oxyhaemoglobin dissociates
& releases oxygen (respiring tissue)
efficient respiratory
pigment
either fully oxygenated/deoxygenated
seldom transports 1/2/3 molecules
PROCESS -
when picks up 1 molecule =
conformational change
faster & easier to pick up further 3 molecules
(cooperative loading)
Life Span -
adult - 3 months
Dead RBC -
destroyed in spleen or liver
protein part broken down = amino acids
iron part haem extracted + stored liver
used later make more rbc/as cytochrome
rest haem broken into 2 bile pigments -
bilibrubin + biliverdin - excreted into gut
Function
primary role
TRANSPORT
other roles like
DEFENCE
White Blood
Cells
Size -
larger
than RBC
Organelles -
DO
have nucleus
Amount -
much less numerated
than RBC
Function -
defence mechanism
against disease
POLYMORPHS
(microphages)
Appearance -
multi-lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm
most common
type
Role -
actively phagocytic
engulf + digest
smaller liquid materials
PROCESS -
pass through squamous endothelium
of capillary walls + destroy bacteria
at site of infection by phagocytosis
capable of
amoeboid movement
originate in
bone marrow
MONOCYTES
(macrophages)
least common
type
largest WBC
Appearance -
bean-shaped nucleus
non-granular cytoplasm
Role -
actively phagocytic
engulf + digest
larger solid materials
formed in
bone marrow
longer lived
than polymorphs
LYMPHOCYTES
Appearance -
very large rounded nucleus
small amount non-granular
cytoplasm
produced in thymus gland
& lymphoid tissue from precursor
cells in bone marrow
Life Span -
10 years or
more
Role -
cause or mediate immune reactions:
-antibody production
-graft rejection
-tumour cell killing
respond to foreign substances = antigens
B-Cells
involved in
antibody-mediated
immunity
have specific
binding sites
respond by dividing
rapidly by mitosis
Plasma Cells
-
secrete antibodies
attach to antigens inactivating,
clumping or destroying them
Memory B-cells
-
if same antigen = extremely rapid
antibody-mediated immune response
T-Cells
involved in cellular
immunity
directly attacks and destroys
foreign cells
respond by increasing in
size & dividing mitotically
Killer
-
secrete lysozymes to
destroy foreign body
Memory
-
rapid response
Helper
-
produce antibodies
Suppressor
-
limit activity to foreign
antigens only
Platelets
Irregularly shaped
membrane-bound
cell fragments
formed from large
bone marrow cells
Role -
initiate mechanism of
clotting process
repairing minor breaks in
blood vessels
BLOOD
CLOTTING
reduces loss of blood
through injury
prevents entry of pathogens
PROCESS -
Step 1
Platelets activated when...
rupture in damaged blood vessel
exposed to air
Step 2
Thromboplastin + other clotting
factors released to set off
sequence of events
Step 3
In presence of clotting factors,
(calcium ions, vitamin K, factors VIII + IX, Xa)
prothrombin converted to thrombin
(enzyme)
Step 4
Enzyme thrombin catalyses reaction of
fibrinogen (plasma protein) converted to fibrin
forms mesh
traps rbc
forms clot
Plasma
Appearance -
pale
yellow
liquid
composed 90% water +
10% variety of substance
in solution/suspension
Transports -
blood cells
glucose/amino acids
ions
urea
heat
prothrombin/fibrinogen
platelets
clotting factors
hormones