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[ss] Research questions [v1], Research questions [v1.1], Research…

- - - - How could these financial costs be resolved/accepted/distributed?
      - Can we align carbon and cost?
- - - - Construction complexity?
        
        Time on site - diesel generators
      - Material source
      - Material specification
      - Fire protection?
      - Prefabrication/on-site construction
  - - - Keeping excess utilisation 'up sleeve' is not necessarily a bad thing
- - - - If suitable adjacent land is retained (BSI, 2020)
    - - If design of foundations allow (BSI, 2020)
      - If strengthening of columns is an option
      - If planning regulations allow (BSI, 2020)
  - - - Not necessarily changing type - changing use, e.g. covid
- - - - How many papers published / rate of increase in publications
- - - - How do you design for increasing loading in the future?
    - - What compromises will this lead to?
      - What compromises in SLS could be readily accepted by the industry/clients/users?
      - More about vibration than deflection
  - - - What would a layered structure look like?
        
        Is separation of layers the right solution?
        
        Composite elements
        
        e.g. sip board
        
        May allow for optimised design
        
        Include insulation (acoustic, thermal, fire, etc.)
      - What is the optimal building plan depth?
        
        Optimal for what?
        
        Ventilation and natural lighting drivers
      - Is the <10,000 m2 area requirement still valid?
      - How could retrofittable lightwells be designed?
        
        Specifically strengthening of foundations / bracing?
        
        Removing floor area, therefore reducing vertical loads, therefore reducing notional horizontal loads
        
        In changing of use downward on load spec, should not be an issue
        
        Should adaptability include upward load movement?
        
        How would you strengthen the structure?
        
        Should allow for it
        
        Where would they be situated?
        
        How would moving core locations be affected?
      - What is the most adaptable grid shape and spacing?
        
        Would specification of a best grid limit freedom of design, therefore not be applicable?
        
        Parametric modelling
        
        This assumes engineer has control of the grid spacing. In reality, constraints may necessitate a certain grid
        
        Elements of flexibility (use of space) - e.g. furniture sizing
        
        Architect's Pocket Book?
        
        To understand architect perception
        
        BCO guidance
        
        Student project idea?
      - What is an adaptable floor-to-floor height?
        
        Should the same floor-to-floor height be used consistently throughout a building?
        
        Should the same floor-to-floor height be used consistently throughout the construction sector?
        
        Could a design incorporate moveable floors?
        
        Modular, deconstructable design
      - What is an adaptable floor system?
        
        Could argue "composite structure doesn't work for adaptability", but what is the (carbon and financial) cost of non-composite?
        
        Look to see if UoCambridge floor system optimisation has inadvertently answered this
        
        Could possibly use their Panda tool
        
        Post-tensioned flat slabs are preferable (low cost of construction, low(er) carbon)
        
        Discussion of material
        
        Negative opinion of concrete?
        
        Degradation of concrete and reinforcement
        
        Not suitable for DfD
        
        Ideally something demountable, that you can cut holes in, that is durable
        
        Steel
        
        Timber
        
        Push toward stone
        
        Much higher compressive stress
        
        Less processing than concrete
        
        Post-tension
      - What is an adaptable lateral stability system?
        
        Are moment frames more adaptable?
        
        Are braced frames more carbon-optimised?
        
        How does this relationship/balance vary with different building sizes (heights) and uses?
        
        What would a structure with strengthen-able lateral stability look like/how would it be designed?
      - What do low carbon, adaptable foundations look like?
        
        Can strengthening be easily retrofit?
        
        To what extent should we overdesign foundations?
        
        What are the carbon costs of foundation overdesign?
        
        What are the likely increases in loading on foundations?
        
        Particular focus on bracing foundations
        
        Oversized pile caps?
        
        Piled foundations, screwed steel piles best for DfD
        
        Reusing foundations often limited, not by strength/technology, but by insurance
        
        Is this already discussed in literature?
      - What is the best service design / service void provision for adaptability, and what are its upfront costs and long term benefits?
        
        How does this affect structure?
        
        Floor-to-floor height
        
        Floor slab apertures
        
        Separation of layers
        
        How different are the service requirements in change of use?
        
        Air conditioning
        
        Water
        
        Fire / sprinklers
      - What does adaptable acoustic insulation look like?
        
        What are the differences in requirements between use types?
        
        How easily can acoustic insulation be retrofit?
        
        What is the cCBA of over-specifying acoustic insulation in first use?
        
        How are we designing now to allow for adaptation in the future?
      - What does adaptable thermal insulation look like?
        
        What are the differences in requirements between use types?
        
        How easily can thermal insulation be retrofit?
        
        What is the cCBA of over-specifying thermal insulation in first use?
        
        Grenfell...
        
        Think about different material options
        
        Environmental damage
        
        Fire safety
        
        How are we designing now to allow for adaptation in the future?
        
        Separation of layers
      - What does an adaptable fire protection/safety system look like?
        
        How do fire detection and alarm systems vary between use?
    - - A good lense to view rest of research with
    - - Sense check question to see if covered within each section
  - - - Intelligent use of materials, rather than overspecification of one solution
      - A PhD within itself...
    - - What are the increased costs (from design, checking, fabrication and construction) of bespoke engineering?
        
        How does this impact the circular economy potential?
      - UoCambridge style question, from the optimisation side
      - It could be that adaptability is not the right answer
      - Do the findings of this look the same at both element and building level?
    - - Are there situations where a greater volume of lower grade material may actually result in lower carbon?
        
        Talk w/ new PhD student
        
        Embodied impacts are not significant
        
        Cost increase can be
    - - Aesthetic and functional finishes
- - - - Might be very location specific
- - - - Architect's Pocket Book?
        
        To understand architect perception
      - BCO guidance
  - - - Modular, deconstructable design
  - - - Look to see if UoCambridge floor system optimisation has inadvertently answered this
        
        Could possibly use their Panda tool
    - - Discussion of material
        
        Negative opinion of concrete?
        
        Degradation of concrete and reinforcement
        
        Not suitable for DfD
        
        Ideally something demountable, that you can cut holes in, that is durable
        
        Steel
        
        Timber
        
        Push toward stone
        
        Much higher compressive stress
        
        Less processing than concrete
        
        Post-tension
        
        Difficult for DfD?
  - - - What are the carbon costs of foundation overdesign?
      - What are the likely increases in loading on foundations?
        
        Particular focus on bracing foundations
      - Oversized pile caps?
- - - - How easily can acoustic insulation be retrofit?
        
        What is the cCBA of over-specifying acoustic insulation in first use?
      - How are we designing now to allow for adaptation in the future?
      - What are the differences in requirements between use types?
    - - What are the differences in requirements between use types?
      - How easily can thermal insulation be retrofit?
        
        What is the cCBA of over-specifying thermal insulation in first use?
        
        Grenfell...
      - Think about different material options
        
        Environmental damage
        
        Fire safety
      - How are we designing now to allow for adaptation in the future?
        
        Separation of layers
    - - How do fire detection and alarm systems vary between use?
- - - - What are the likely carbon and financial cost implications of foundation overdesign?
      - What are the likely increases in loading on foundations?
- - - - Codified ULS and SLS requirements
        
        Insulation requirements, varying between uses
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
      - Realistic ULS and SLS requirements
      - Routes to ULS and SLS departures from standard
    - - Climate change
      - Use change
    - - Grid spacing
        
        Influencing factors
      - Floor-to-floor height
        
        Influencing factors
        
        Required floor-to-ceiling height
        
        Service voids
        
        Structural depth
        
        Overall structure height
        
        Wind loading
        
        Lateral stability
        
        Consistency of specification
        
        Movable floor designs
      - Lateral stability
        
        Braced vs. shear wall vs. moment-resisting
        
        Dependency on building height
      - Adaptable foundations
        
        Overdesign vs. strengthen-ability vs. DfD
        
        cCBA and fCBA
      - Rationalisation vs. optimisation
    - - Frame
        
        Steel vs. concrete vs. timber
      - Floor system
        
        Composite vs. non-composite
        
        Pre-/posttension vs. non-tensioned
        
        Interaction w/ services
    - - Slab strengthening
      - Beam strengthening
      - Column strengthening
      - Foundation strengthening
      - Lateral stability strengthening
    - - Connection details
      - Finishes
        
        Insulation
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
        
        Internal fit-out
      - Services
        
        Raised floors vs. dropped ceilings
      - Cladding
    - - CAD implementation
      - Methodology complexity
  - - - Grid spacing
        
        Influencing factors
        
        Use type
        
        Furniture/internal layout
        
        Limitations to artistic freedoms
      - Floor-to-ceiling heights
        
        Influencing factors
        
        Use type
        
        Planning permission limitations
      - Lateral stability
        
        Preference
        
        Internal space interruption
    - - Use change
      - Economic change
      - Lifestyle change
  - - - Overdesign vs. strengthen-ability vs. DfD
    - - Foundation strengthening
      - Lateral stability strengthening
  - - - Rationalisation vs. optimisation
        
        cCBA and fCBA
    - - Connection details
      - Finishes
        
        Insulation
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
        
        Internal fit-out
      - Services
        
        Raised floors vs. dropped ceilings
      - Cladding
- - - - Routes to ULS and SLS departures from standard
      - Codified ULS and SLS requirements
        
        Insulation requirements, varying between uses
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
  - - - Realistic ULS and SLS requirements
    - - Load specification
        
        Climate change
        
        Use change
      - Economic change
      - Lifestyle change
    - - Frame
        
        Steel vs. concrete vs. timber
      - Floor system
        
        Composite vs. non-composite
        
        Pre-/posttension vs. non-tensioned
  - - - Slabs
      - Beams
      - Columns
      - Foundations
      - Lateral stability
    - - Lateral stability
    - - Connection details
      - Finishes
        
        Insulation
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
        
        Internal fit-out
      - Services
        
        Raised floors vs. dropped ceilings
      - Cladding
    - - Adaptability quantification
      - Optimisation quantification
      - CAD plugins
- - - - Internal layout optioneering quantification
    - - Internal layout optioneering quantification
    - - Overdesign vs. strengthen-ability vs. DfD
        
        cCBA and fCBA
    - - Impacts on circularity
  - - - Climate change
      - Use change
  - - - cCBA and fCBA of different adaptability strategies
      - Is adaptability the right answer?
        
        Time-value of carbon
    - - Extent and design stage of deployment
      - Complexity and adaptability of methodology
- - - - Floor-to-floor height
        
        Movable floor designs
        
        cCBA and fCBA of option
      - Lateral stability
        
        Braced vs. shear wall vs. moment-resisting
        
        Dependency on building height
      - Adaptable foundations
        
        Overdesign vs. strengthen-ability vs. DfD
        
        cCBA and fCBA
    - - Slab strengthening
      - Beam strengthening
      - Column strengthening
      - Foundation strengthening
      - Lateral stability strengthening
    - - Connection details
      - Finishes
        
        Insulation
        
        Acoustic
        
        Thermal
        
        Fire
        
        Internal fit-out
      - Services
        
        Raised floors vs. dropped ceilings
      - Cladding
  - - - Climate change
      - Use change
- - - - cCBA and fCBA of different options
      - Fit-out/internal layout optioneering
      - Floor system suitability
    - - cCBA and fCBA of different options
      - Consistency of specification
      - Extent of deployment
    - - Dependency on building height
    - - Overdesign vs. strengthen-ability vs. DfD
        
        cCBA and fCBA
    - - cCBA and fCBA
- - - - Carbon cost-benefit-analysis of design for future strengthening
  - - - Carbon cost-benefit-analysis of design for future strengthening