Intrinsic value- idea that a being has value in its own right. Their value is not dependent on how they benefit others

Instrumental value- idea that a being's value is dependent on how they benefit others. People who hold the view that animals only have instrumental value have an anthropocentric attitude towards them

view of the environment suggests that we should only look after nature because it has benefits for humans

rational argument about right and wrong way to treat animals is made more difficult by the deep attachment which many feel for animals

in some cases can be more significant than a relationship with another human

animal rights advocates are campaigning for no cages, whilst animal welfare advocates are campaigning for larger cages

animal rights supporters believe it is morally wrong to use or exploit animals in any way and that human beings should not do so

suffering of animals is either eliminated or reduced to the minimum and there is no practical way of achieving the same end without using animals

animal rights supporters believe that animals have same rights that must be respected

Newtownabbey pig farm- council overwhelmed by 2,000 protest letters at farmer's plan for factory to house 30,000 pigs

The UK government has launched its delivery plan to replace, retire and reduce the use of animals in research

pledges to encourage scientists to use alternatives wherever possible

2013 ban was the culmination of a vigorous and long standing public campaign against animal-tested cosmetics

following ban on animal-tested cosmetics, ending animal tests for household products is next logical step

PETA is urging UK government to end these animal's suffering

farmers wish to maintain practice of fox-hunting as allows farmers to keep control of population of foxes that kill their stock

reasons don't justify cruelly inflicted on fox & ban has been imposed in Scotland since 2002 & England and Wales since 2005

is sometimes part of countries culture e.g. bull fighting in Spain

argument 'absolutely dismisses' the idea that animals have any ethical significance

"brute beasts exist for the sake of man- domestic animals for his use and food, wild ones for food and other accessories of life"

did believe in a hierarchy of animal life, but always posits humans as the 'masters' of all other animal species

"plants are created for the sake of animals and animals for the sake of men"

thought that animals were merely 'mechanisms' or 'automata'- complex physical machines without experiences

complexity of human mind and our ability to use language set us apart from the animal world

animals merely material beings without feelings it was moral to experiment on them without anesthetic

"I am urging that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognise should be extended to all members of our own species"

using animals for food and experimentation is speciesism

according to Singer the qualities of personhood are self-awareness and rationality

Singer argues that non-human animals display these qualities e.g. Washoe the chimpanzee was taught to use sign language and make sentences and was able to recognise her reflection

Whales, dolphins, cats, dogs and pigs are all rational and self-conscious. Therefore, they are 'persons'

Fish, in Singer's opinion are conscious but not persons and therefore the case against killing them is weaker

"killing a chimpanzee is worse than killing a human being who because of a congenital intellectual disability is not and can never be a person"

argued that non-human animals are what he called the "subjects-of-a-life"

"if they have beliefs and desires; perception, memory, and a sense of the future, including their own future"

normally mental mammals over a year old satisfy the conditions, including most human beings

could argue that God never meant for us to eat animals- was result of the fall