Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Consequences of the Boxer Rebellion - Coggle Diagram
Consequences of the Boxer Rebellion
Short/mid term consequences- the growth of revolutionary sentiment
USA open door policy
1910 285 uprisings
Mainly peasant
1911 Tongmenhuii 10,000 members
10 failed rebellions beforehand
Constitutionalism
Liang Qichao, setting up the political information society and the constitution protection clubs
Cixi dies in 1908, as well as killing the Guangxu emperor. Puyi is left, a two year old
Group of radical students and teachers published polemics agains the Qing in the Subao newspaper, writing pamphlets titled 'The revolutionary army', largely based upon the premise that the Han Chinese needed to free themselves of the incubus of their Manchu overlords. The Qing government sought the death of these members, but British authorities in the Shanghai concession refused to turn them over.
Boxers were a symbol of superstition, of backwardness, and of the decadence of an official class just as ignorant of the peasants. Boxers also became a symbol of the potential of popular resistance however, and indeed righteousness.
Growth of revolutionary sentiment
Polemics against the Qing in the Subao paper, british refused to turn them over to the Qing in 1902.
Zuo rong published int he newspaper telling the chinese to free themselves fom 3000 years of oppression
Symbol of popular resistance- Mao looked back to them
Qing incompetence at punishing perpertrators, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Promise of voting rights, but Cixi refused to instigate national assembly despite local officials marching to Beijing 3 times to request this from her in 1908.
Cixi’s clan cabinet, with 8 manchu members, five of whom in her own family
Local food costs for barley wheat and pork doubled between 1880 and 1908
Immediate consequences
The Boxer Protocol
Indemnity of 430 million taels- around 18,000 tonnes of silver, with an interest charge of 4%- ended up being around 1 billion taels in total after several years - debt was amortised in 1940.
Qing expenditures were 25% greater than income in the period
State forced to set up the DaQing bank in 1906 to oversee the payments
Prohibited arms and ammunition imports.
Taku forts destroyed
Legation quarter of Beijing was under exclusive control of the foreigners, and China had to recognise the right of each power to maintain a permanent guard.
Civil service examinations were suspended for five years
Local officials would be personally held responsible for any future anti-foreign incidents.
The emperor had to convey his regrets to the German Emperor and erect a statue on the spot of the assassination of Baron von Ketteler and a commerative arch inscribed in Latin, German and Chinese.
Sovereignty lost in land
Britain extended it's area in Shanghai and claimed more of the mainland near Hong Kong
France pushed inwards from Indo-China
Germany claimed Shandong
Manchuria, following the British japanese alliance of 1902, both Russia and Japan claimed territory in the area, which due to its higher economic output saw mass migration putting its population up to 15.4 million by 1911.
Open Door Policy of 1900 (China as the cash cow), put an end to MFN nations still set up private areas, such as the Japanese South manchuria railway, spanning 700 miles whihc oculd only be rode by Tokyo elites, who gained a 6% dividend from the company producing the rail off the backs of the Chinese people.
Cixi flees to Xi'an
Li Hongzhang was sent to negotiate
Relies on trust with her officials
Eventually Yuan Shikai, in control of the New Army abandons her.
Further added to the idea of weakness on behalf of the Qing- the conduct of the Boxers had exposeed China as uncivilised in the eyes of world opinion. CHinese pride and self-respect were shattered. Invincibility and superioriry of foreign forces.
Beijing occupied and looted by the British
Cixi's Winter Palace in Peking was occupied and looted by the Germans, and was burned down by officers later in 1901.
Reactionary Qing officials and ideas are punsihed.
Boxers executed
Raids on local towns and villages for Boxers who slipped through the foreigners fingers.
Long term/mid consequences
CCP set up
Late Qing Reforms, see below
Cixi reluctance once again.
Failure due to massive indemnity
Beginning of Warlord era.
Most foreigners did not want the Qing to fall lest the ensuing power vacuum- China was a cash cow
informal colonisation
Britain expanded in the Yangzi valley
Japan in Fujian
The idea of the Yellow Peril, catalysed by comments from Mark Twain
Ideologically was important for the Chinese
Areas of reform
Military
1903 Commission for Army re-organisation- agency to recruit and train the New Army
36 divisions
Gentry recruitment as officers, as well as the fact soldiers were from the native population led to provincial units to resist the centralisation of the army
Japanese assistance to modernise the army
175,000 out of 600,000 troops had modern weapons and training recieved in Japan.
35 military academies were organised.
Political
Superficial
The cabinet in 1911 contained 8 manchus and 4 Chinese
Students were prohibited to discuss political affairs, and publishing newspapers or journals on politics was banned if it was to disturb public morale or disorder.
Cixi's 'clan cabinet' had 8 manchu members, five of whom were in her own family.
Somewhat genuine
A single headship was established in each government ministry
Ministry of foreign affairs, Justuce, Industry and commerce were all set up and organised in a cabinet in 1911.
1909 National Assembly was created as an embryonic form of parliament.
in 1905 penalties as slow slicing, public exhibition of heads, and beheading of the corpse, and the penalty of tattooing were abolished.
Two provinces (Hupeh and Yunnan were abolished
Every other province not under Manchu command at the time was given to a Qing official.
State had promised voting rights, but Cixi refused to instigate a national assembly with the authroity to pass laws, despite local officials marching to Beijing 3 times to request this from her in 1908
Constitutional debate
Revlutionaries and reformers failed to agree
Kang youwei set up private army (the Independent army), operating out of Hakuo, whilst the Tongmenhui sides with old secret societies to oppose to Qing.
Unable to punish perpertrators
Zuo Rong, published a pamphlet in the Subao paper which toldf to Chinese to 'free themselves from 3000 years of oppression'
Publication of the Subao newspaper from local students and teacher in Shanghai, and the subsequent refusal of the foreigners to turn over the writers to the Qing government in 1900
Liang Qichao, forced to flee to Japan in ecile, he wrote 'a new people's miscellany' promoting drastic changes while keeping the Qing on the throne
Kang Youwei fled, Failure of the court's assasin to kill the escaped reformers Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who had successfully fled abroad made the court looks weak as well as vindictive.
Social/Educational
Superficial
10,000 people getting education- mostly elitist.
No foreign languages were to be taught in Schools in fear that they might neglect traditional scholarship
48% of teachers were traditional degree holders who did not know anything about the new education
Somewhat genuine
1901 ban on marriage between a Manchu male and a Han Chinese female was lifted
Ministry for Education was the central organ for educational administration in 1905
1909 1.56 million students compared to 92,000 in 1904
Financial
Ministry of finance 1909,
First budget in 1911
Investigation of the revenue and expenditure of every ministry during 1908
Not modern, but has been some reforms.
Only 600 companies had heavy machinery by 1908
Local food costs for Barley wheat and pork doubled between 1890 and 1908
Practiced reclamation rights from the foreign powers after the ministry for commerce was set up in 1903, taking back the Hong railway in Southern Guangdong.
Open Door Policy of 1900 put an end to MFN, but still set up private areas such as the Japanese South manchuria railway, spanning 700 miles whihc oculd only be rode by Tokyo elites, who gained a 6% dividend from the company producing the rail off the backs of the Chinese people.
430 million taels, around 18,000 tonnes of silver at an interest rate of 4% ended up being 1 billion taels in total after several years
Qing expenditures were 25% greater than income in the period
State forced to set up DaQing bank in 1906 to oversee the payments
Complete degradation of Qing control, Zhang Binglin wrote in the Subao that the Emperor was a ‘little clown’. Qing government had had enough, and sought the death of the radicals associated with Subao. British authorities in the Shanghai concession refused to turn them over, operating on free speech principles.
Late Qing reforms
1901 ban on marriage between Han and Manchu lifted.
Ministry for Education set up in 1905
1909 1.5 million students compared to 92,000 in 1904.
However, whilst Cixi supposedly offered education for 141,000 girls, it was learning on how to be a ‘virtous woman’ and not gaining practical working knowledge.
1903 commission for Army re-organisation
35 militarty academies
175,000 out of 600,000 troops had modern weapons and training recieved in japan.
This training did however mean they gained revolutionary ideas, and played a key role in subsequent uprisings, such s the Hong River uprising which amassed 20,000 members.
Finanical
First budget in 1911
Bureau for commerce in 1903