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How To Make Effective Soap? - Coggle Diagram
How To Make Effective Soap?
Background information
How does soap clean?
breaks and removes germs from our hands
acts as an emulsifier
disperses one liquid into another liquid without forming a homogenous mixture when mixed
Soap Reaction
Called soapification reaction
any reaction between any fat and sodium hydroxide is soapification
What is soap?
sodium or potassium fatty acids salt
produced from hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction
Ingredients in soap?
base acids have different properties like same condition and moisture while others produce stable and luxurious lather
lye: once reaction is done lye turns into soap
water allows lye and oil molecules to get together and make soap evaporate out of the soap
How is the effectiveness of soap measured?
Lathering
the froth that a soap produces
measure the time taken for lather to form
Testing bacterial count
testing with agar plates
test the basic soap, new soap and no soap
Factors affecting the effectiveness of soap
Type of based used
compare sodium hydroxide and potassium to see how its effectiveness in affected
sodium hydroxide : hard soap
potassium : soft bar
Amount of oil used
compare different amounts of soap to see how the effectiveness is affected.
Temperature of soap being made
have different temperatures of lye and oil solutions
hotter lye means the soapification is quicker
measure the effectiveness of soaps made with higher and lower temp
Type of oil used
different oils have different properties, hence affecting the effectiveness
Considerations
Variables
Independent variable: the amount of particular solution
Dependent Variable: testing the soaps effectivness
Controlled variable:
amount of each solution
amount of oils
measuring tools
Risk assessment
Risks:
lye: damage to skin and eyes
essential oils can lead to poisoning
Safety guidelines and precautions:
protect eyes with safety glasses
wear long sleeved clothing
wear rubber gloves
work near a source with water
use mats to cover the table of any spills
do not pour the lye in water as it can cause serious reactions
do not spill or splash
Disposal of risks:
lye: transfer it into a stainless steel container (ensure it is not plastic, iron or aluminium as it corrodes these materials
Essential oils: pour small amounts into a dish and let it evaporate
Limitations
not using the agar plates to test measure bacterial counts for more accuracy
the formation of lather could vary depending on how the hand is washed
inconsistency in the stirring of mixtures