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Antidiabetic Drugs - Coggle Diagram
Antidiabetic Drugs
Metformin
Considerations
Lower incident of weight gain. Gastrointestinal complaint are more common when using metformin, to avoid lactic acidosis do not use in patients with even mild renal problems
Side effects
Heart burn, stomach ache, nausea and vomiting, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation and weight loss
Indications
Is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and peadetric patient older than 10 years with diabetes mellitus type 2
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Mechanism of action
It main mechanism of action is to inhibit hepatic glucogenesis. It interact with complex 1 in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, therapy lowering cellular ATP levels and causes AMP accumulation
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Insulin
Side effects
dizziness; trouble speaking; fatigue; confusion; pale skin; sweating; twitching muscles; seizure; loss of consciousness
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Route of administration
Intravenous and intramuscular only for regular, unbuffered insulin (100 units/mL). It can also be given subcutaneously
Indications
all patients with type I diabetes mellitus
patients with type II diabetes mellitus in whom control cannot be adequately achieved with oral hypoglycaemics or diet.
patients with diabetes in pregnancy in whom control is inadequate with diet
in situations of stress, such as surgery, after myocardial infarction,
Mechanism of action
Binds to glycoprotein receptors on the surface of cells. These receptors consists of an alpha subunit, which binds the hormones and the beta subunit, which is an insulin stimulated, tyrosine specific protein kinase
Glicazida
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Indications
Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2
Considerations
stimulates insulin secretion through the beta cell sulphonylurea receptor, and possibly through a direct effect on intracellular calcium transport. It specifically improves the abnormal first phase insulin release in type 2 diabetes, and also has an effect on the second phase.
Side effects
Headache, irritability, sweating, fast heart rate, diarrhoea, constipation, risk of hypoglycemia and risk to weight loss
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Exenatide
Side effect
Gastrointestinal side effect, risk of hypoglycemia if mixed with sulfonylurea
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Indications
Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2:
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Mechanism of action
Binds to GIP1 causing the increase in insulin, delay gastric emptying and satiety
Thiazolidinedione
Mechanism of action
They bind avidly to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in adipocytes to promote adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake (in peripheral but not visceral fat).
Side effect
water retention.
weight gain.
eyesight problems.
reduced sense of touch.
chest pain and infections.
allergic skin reactions
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Indications
long-standing diabetes (over 10 years) pre-existing oedema or current treatment with loop diuretics.
development of weight gain or oedema on thiazolidinedione therapy.
insulin co-administration