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The 20th century - Coggle Diagram
The 20th century
Reggae
appeared in Jamaica at the end of the 1960s
fusion between traditional Jamaican beats and Afro-American music
off beats on the guitar
the dominant role of the bass
has spread to many countries and it has left a mark in the pop music
Bob Marley, Jimmy Cliff and Gregory Isaacs
Musical avant-garders after 1950
Spain
After the civil war, Spain was isolated from the rest of the world and this affected all aspects of life
culture and music were censored and had to adhere to Franco's aesthetics guidelines
exile
Manuel de Falla, Jaume Pahissa and Roberto Gerhard
Generacion del 51
Spanish music made up for lost time and connected with global musical avant-gardes
Josep Maria Mestres Quadreny, Cristóbal Halffter, Luis de Pablo, Antón García Abril, Carmelo Bernaola, Joan Guinjoan, Ramón Barce and Manuel Castillo
opened the doors and paved the way for composers of the next generation and trained many of them
Tomás Marco, José Luis Turina and Alfredo Aracil
INAEM
promotes contemporary Spanish music as well as other repertoires of classical music
Features of art music from this period
some composers created musical graphs to represent new universes of sound with noises and sounds that could not be represented with conventional notation
atonality, twelve-tone technique and serialism were developed
melodies were difficult to remember
in some styles, the main melody disaooeared and texture became important
rythmically, the irregularity in the combination of time signatures caused the desintegration of the constant beat
introduction of new timbres, composers experimented with everyday objects
Styles
Serialism
applies series of values to different musical elements
while it is based on the twelve-tone technique
Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Luigi Nono
Musique concrète
involves recording sound materials, wich are electronically manipulated to create new soundscapes
in a concert of musique concrète the composer normally present his or her own work so there is no separate performance
Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry end Edgard Varèse
Electronic music
electronic equipment is used to create sounds and compositions
Aleatory music
Minimalism
based on the repetition of simple sound materials
used motifs that are repeated and wich vary with small melodic rhythmic changes
the harmony is usually consonant and static, with very few different chords
Philip Glass and Steve Reich
In the 1960s a radical reaction of some composers emerged against traditional concert music
In the 1980s art music became less aggressive and manu composers went back to using a more tonal language in an attemp to regain public acceptance
Musical innovations up to 1950
Modernism
Seek innovation
The huge social and technological changes took place in the early 20th century
Artists were convinced that there were no longer classical principles and historical progress
major musical innovations
the emancipation of the rhythm of the time signature and the use of irregular time signatures
Igor Stravinsky
the use of new sounds or noises in musical composition
Futurists and Edgar Varèse
the expansion or abandonment of tonality
Arnold Schoenberg and his disciples
Styles
Futurism
Italy
music progressed in line with technological developments
noise was added as raw material for compositions
Luigi Russolo, Edgar Varèse and George Antheil
Neoclassicism
it sought simplicity and variety
a reaction to musical experimentation
used styles and forms from the history of music
was based on tonality
Paul Hindermith and Carl Orff
Post-Romanticism
follows the musical heritage of German Romanticism
Large orchestra
Germany
numerous long works were composed
Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahel
Expressionism
sought to express human psichology vividly and violently
it used unpredictable and erratic melodies, dissonance and new combinations of timbre
emerging in Germany, 1920s
Alban Berg and Anton von Webern