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Al Ghazāli’s Thoughts on Islamic Education Curriculum - Coggle Diagram
Al Ghazāli’s Thoughts on Islamic Education Curriculum
:star:Islamic Education Curriculum before Al-Ghazāli
al-Ghazāli’s followers consider al-Ghazāli’s division of knowledge as a form of
curriculum
The goal of education in Islamic schools is to form noble character in relation with the nature of human creation, according to Jalaluddin & Said (1999). The core of the curriculum in Islamic education itself is the materials, activities, and experiences that contain the unity of God.
the purpose of education according to al-Ghazāli is to get closer to God, which leads to the formation of noble character, thus, the teaching materials should emphasis more on religious elements that lead to unity of God
The curriculum before al-Ghazāli began when Muhammad was in Makkah, so the form and scope of the material was very simple and not constructed systematically
Curriculum in Madinah Period
In the early years of Islam there was no formal curriculum as much as there was now, but reciting al-Qur'an Faith (pillars of faith), worship, morals, morality, sports and health, reading and writing were part of daily life
Curriculum in Makkah Period
The revelation received at that time was limited to monotheism, upholding the ultimate obligation, such as praying and setting good examples. According to Tafsir (2001) this was done in secret until Muhammad found a way to make it public
Curriculum in Khulafaurrasyidin and Bani Umayyah Periods
Schools in pre-Islamic times taught subjects such as reading, writing, reciting the Qur'an and memorizing it, faith, worship, and morals. During the Umar bin Khattab period, children were taught swimming, horseback riding, archery, and reading
Curriculum in Bani Abbasiyah Period
The Curriculum of Bani Abbasiyah Period became increasingly complex, due to the expansion of Islamic territory and the growing influence of the wider local culture. AlGhazāli subjects consisted of reciting and memorizing the Qur'an, the main basis of religion (faith, worship, and morals) and literature
Al-Ghazali’s curriculum is similar to the concept of holistic education
characterized by intellectual, emotional, physical, and spiritual developments.
There are several articles that discussed al Ghazali thoughts on curriculum such as the article Kurnanto (2011)
The curriculum covers the dimension of development
The concept of curriculum highlighted from the concept of curriculum development perspectives
The Relevance of Al-Ghazali's Curriculum in the Current Islamic Education
It is in line with Sukardi's (2011) aim in education
To improve itellectual intelligence and education for life skills
It is in line with Sabda's (2008) concept of curriculum
The basics of curriculum (philosophy, psychology, sociology)
The idea of curriculum design (objectives, materials, organizations, and the systems of Islamic education curriculum implementation)
It is in line with Al-Abrasyi's (1396) opinions on the goals of Islamic education
Forming morals
Preparing students to live in this world and in the hereafter
Mastering the sciences
Preparing a skillful society
Kurnanto's (2011) article on Al-Ghazali's thoughts on the concept of education
Al-Ghazali's concept of education is closely related to the concept of human (learning ethics and human nature)
Al-Ghazali divided sciences into three broad categories
Worthy sciences (fardhu ain and fardhu kifayah)
Commendable sciences (reasoning, philosophy, godliness)
Unworthy sciences (magic, astrology, divination)
Alwizar's (2015) article on Al-Ghazali's educational thoughts
The curriculum's concept starts from Al-Ghazali's concept about science and the law of science
Al-Ghazali's concept of curriculum is holistic and complete
The Education Curriculum
Curriculum is a tool to achieve the educational purpose
Teaching materials that are structured to support the purpose of education, a series of lessons to be accomplished at one educational level
The coverage of the curriculum is now more extensive and complex.
Consists of objectives, contents, methods of learning and evaluation. All of them must be mutually related, harmonious, balanced and leveled.
A curriculum designed is expected to produce output with integrated knowledge.
Al Ghazali's Education Curriculum
History
Education propaganda was the main choice of Saljuk dynasty to reach his purpose
Utilized education media to introduce their beliefs (Sunny) for the community
Madrasah Nizamiyah
established in all Abasiyyah domains: Baghdad, Nishpur
the word "Nizamiyah" is the initiator of the madrasah
Madrasah nizamiyah was emerged during the reign of Vizier Nizam Al-Mulk
Effects
Al-Ghazali couldn't impose his thoughts on educational curriculum, which causes him to be seen as someone who has no curriculum design by the other Islamic education thinkers
Al-Ghazali's POV: Intelligent man is someone who can use the world as a means to reach happiness in heaven. So, there was a dichotomy of education.
3 reasons to support this view
the motive of the establishment of madrasah as an educational institution is not purely motivated by education
the curriculum or education program in the madrasah was influenced by Sunny ideology
Al-Ghazali was unable to persuade Nizam Al-Mulk to further influence the planning of education
According to Al-Ghazali
science is gradual, both theory and practice
science of religion is important as it can only be obtained with the perfection of reason and clarity of mind
Criteria of materials that is beneficial for humans human beings in pursuit of religious life like ethics
provide linguistics, grammar and other supports to human to learn science of religion
useful educational materials for life was like a medicine
educational materials that were used in building culture and civilization were like history, literature, politics and others
Hierarchical education curriculum based on Al-Ghazali
First Level: Quran and the science of religion such as fiqh, science of hadith
Second Level: linguistics and grammar such as tajwid
Third Level: science in the category of
fardhu kifayah
such as medicine, arithmetic, politics and others
Forth level: science of culture such as literature, history and some branches of philosophy
How to see the curriculum forced into the country's curriculum?
form a collaboration between the education curriculums imposed in the period of Abasiyyah dynasty with Al-Ghazali's division of knowledge
Knowledge that was proposed by Al-Ghazali to be learned at school
Quranic science and religion
fiqh
hadith
tafsir
A collection of languages
nahu
mahraj
pronunciation
Fardhu kifayah
medical science
mathematics
various kinds of technology
political science
cultural science
poetry
history
some branches of philosophy
Islamic Education Curriculum
Islamic Education principles must be met in the formulation of the curriculum to maintain the relationship between the subject matter and the religion where, everything comes from Allah.
7 principles of Islamic curriculum
(according to Al-Syaibani)
(1) Perfect linkage with religion, including its teachings and values
(2) Universal purposes and content of the curriculum, which includes the purpose of developing aqidah, minds, and other things beneficial to society in spiritual, cultural, social, economic, political development
(3) a relative balance between goals and content
(4) Associating the talents, interests, abilities, and the needs of the learners as well as between the natural surroundings, both physical, and social where the students live and interact
(5) Maintaining individual differences among students, both in terms of interest and talent
(6) Accepting the development changes in accordance with the development of the times and places
(7) Relating the various subjects with the experiences and activities contained in the curriculum