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CH7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology - Coggle Diagram
CH7 Carbohydrates and
Glycobiology
Carbohydrates
functional groups
aldehydes = aldose
carbonyl
functional group
ketones = ketose
energy storage
cell walls and exoskeletons
cell-cell signaling
D and L isomers of a sugar are enantiomers
Reducing Sugars
Aldehyde can reduce Cu2+ to Cu+ (Fehling’s test)
Aldehyde can reduce Ag+ to Ag0 (Tollens’ test)
Diastereomers
stereoisomers that are not mirror
images
Epimers
stereoisomers that differ at only one chiral center
Polysaccharides
heteropolysaccharides(multiple monomer units)
Agar
composed of agarose and agaropectin
growing bacteria
Agarose
separation DNA
Glycosaminoglycans
N-acetyl-glucosamine or N-acetyl-galactosamine
uronic acids (C6 oxidation),sulfate esters
Heparin and Heparan Sulfate
regulates development and formation of blood vessels
Prevent blood clotting
decrease their virulence
homopolysaccharides (one monomer unit)
Glycogen
主鏈(α1 → 4)
支鏈(α1 → 6)
Starch
Amylose(unbranched)
Amylopectin(branched)
Cellulose
主鏈(β1 → 4)
Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent monomers
water insoluble
Chitin
N-acetylglucosamine(β1 → 4)
extended fibers that are similar to those of cellulose
Glycoconjugates
Glycoprotein
O-link: Ser
N-link: Asn
Glycolipids
In vertebrates, ganglioside carbohydrate composition determines blood groups
In gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides cover the peptidoglycan layer
Proteoglycans
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans attached to a large rodshaped protein in cell membrane
Proteoglycan Aggregates
Hyaluronan + aggrecan: articular cartilage