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Urban Challenges of Inner Cities - Coggle Diagram
Urban Challenges of
Inner Cities
Issues
terraced housing
outdated + in need of repair
old, heavy industries facing
competition from abroad
& ∴ forced to close
younger, more educated
ppl left inner city,
leaving elderly, sick, immigrants
new immigrants moved in to
cheap housing
Deprivation
occurred
end of 60s
D: individual's well-being falls
below level generally regarded
as reasonable minimum
SOCIAL
health
lower LE
higher death R + IMR
high levels of stress due
to poverty - family breakdowns
high % single parents
Eg
-18% parents single New Lodge
less disposable income
struggle provide food
EXAMPLE
21.4% ppl in N. Belfast described
general health as 'not good'
housing
high % overcrowded
households
most housing owned council
or rented from landlords
EXAMPLE
69% housing N. Belfast (compared
30% all housing NI) council owned/rented
indicates low quality of housing
∴ influences high level deprivation
ECONOMIC
loss of business +
industry
massive unemployment
(5% above national average)
Eg
- 16.9% in Duncairn
decreased disposable income
increased financial pressure
local authorities little taxes
∴ lack of investment in area
long term unemployment
due to lack of qualifications
Eg
- 32% working age adults
in N Belfast Water Works no qual.
ENVIRONMENTAL
lack of open space
air pollution due to
traffic congestion
local watercourses often
polluted by factories
EXAMPLE
- Glasgow
city pop. fell 1mil 1960 to 623,000 19696
of families that left, over 50% no full time job
only 180,000 households had income to pay tax
Re-urbanisation
D: when people return
to previously
abandoned part of city
EXAMPLE
- Titanic Belfast
experienced as a result
of redevelopment
People who move back:
high status/income
normally
middle class
service sector workers
very recent trend
mid 1990s - today
involved
rebirth of old
industrial areas
reintroducing:
retail
office space
high end housing
entertainment
people returned to the city because of:
no commuting
high paid jobs in financial industry
closer to city attractions (eg SSE arena)
people marrying later/less kids
appeal living in city through media (Friends)
Gentrification
D: restoration + upgrading of deteriorated
urban property by middle class/affluent ppl,
resulting displacement lower income ppl
Revitalisation
of:
old terraced housing
- floors stripped+sanded, new heating + wiring, repainted
abandoned factories
- converted into open plan loft style apartments w/ views city skyline
old shops
- reopened as boutiques, art galleries etc
POSITIVES
increased investment in
property improves environment
of rundown areas
old housing refurbished rather
than becoming derelict
increased wealth in area boosts
local businesses + revenue
NEGETIVES
reduces stock of housing
available to poorer households
fiction between incomers +
existing locals
street parking of cars
major issue
EXAMPLE
- Titanic Quarter
475 apartments built eg in ARC
increased employment opportunities - Citygroup 2000 people
increased education - Belfast Met
- 140 apartments reserved those lower incomes