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Role of underlying factors (pre-exisitng Nichoals II) in the the Fall of…
Role of underlying factors (pre-exisitng Nichoals II) in the the Fall of the Romanov Dynasty - To what extent were the Romanovs doomed before Nicholas II inherited the throne?
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Modernisation
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Crimean War (1853 – 1856) Russia's humiliating performance in the Crimea War highlighted the shortcoming of Russia’s industry and caused many Russians to realise that Russia's only hope for military survival lay in modernisation
This would mean industrialisation, improvements to communications and the need for a railway system
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Russia needed to modernise the living standards of ordinary Russians - it was a poor country that had to increase its general wealth to bring peasants out of poverty
In 1854, 94% of its population lived in small village communities
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Russia lagged far behind its Western competitors such as USA, Germany, Britain, France, in industrial and technological capacity
If Russia wanted to remain a major foreign power, it had to modernise
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vastness and diverstiy
vastness
Covered one sith of the world's total land mass - Russia one of the largest state empires in the world
Communications across this huge area were poor as there were few paved roads and they became difficult to travel on during the winter
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different regions of empire were under control of governors who has their own local bureaucracies who often acted like independent rulers and did not communicate with others
diversity
Tsarist Russia contained a variety of different national groups, cultures, religions, languages
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Problems with autocracy
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government made use of an extensive secret police network, the Okhrana to root out dissidents and people likely to cause trouble
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army was crucial to the survival of the tsarist regime - uprising were crushed with mass arrests, beatings, executions of innocent people
Cossacks were the section of the army that were Loyal supporters of tsar - they were feared because they were brutal and ruthless
The response of the Tsars to political opposition- “Repression and Reform” cycle did not pacify the groups pushing for change nor did it crush them, so they continued to grow
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ethnicities
Russification: a policy based on a nationalistic way of thinking that was prevalent before and during Nicholas II’s reign -
Forced non-Russians to use the Russian language instead of their own and adopt Russian customs and habits
Russian language was used in schools, law courts and region governments
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Emphasis on the superiority of the Russian way of life infuriated national minorities who saw Russification as an attack on their way of life and their heritage
19th century - number of uprising and protests from national groups seeking greater personal freedom in their parts of the empire
Jews faced a policy of anti-Semitism which place social, political and economic restricitons on them
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belief that Russians had a distinct way of life, values, beliefs and customs that was superior to the people around them
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