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CH6 Enzyme, CH7 Carbohydrates & glycobiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 輔因子＋脫輔基酶
    - - prothetic group 輔基
      - coenzyme 輔酶
- - - - 結合於活化位
    - - 愈低物質愈穩定
    - - 與酵素結合的位置
    - - 短暫狀態
      - 能量山坡頂端
      - 可變回受質或繼續反應
    - - ＝能量障礙
      - 包含亂度降低、去溶劑化、誘導契合
    - - 被生成又被分解的物質
      - 表示：ES, EP
    - - 反應速率最慢的步驟
  - - - 通常會產生一條新的、活化能降低的途徑
      - 共價複合物會進一步反應，重新產生自由的酵素
    - - 酵素上金屬輔助因子可穩定帶負電物質
      - 離子鍵接合
    - - general
        
        以微酸or微鹼作為氫離子供應or接受者
      - specific
        
        只以水作為作為氫離子供應or接受者
- - - - how many substrate molecules one enzyme molecule
        can convert per second
    - - an approximate measure of a substrate’s affinity for an
        enzyme
  - - - sequential mechanism
      - ping-pong mechanism
    - - uncompetitive
        
        Only binds to ES complex
        
        • does not affect substrate binding
        
        • inhibits catalytic function
      - mixed
        
        • Binds enzyme with or without substrate
        
        ― binds to regulatory site
        
        ― inhibits both substrate binding and catalysis
      - Competitive
        
        Competes with substrate for binding
        
        – binds active site
        
        – does not affect catalysis
      - noncompetitive
        
        no change in KM.
- - - - Step 3: Substrate Cleavage
      - Step 4: Water Comes In
      - Step 2: Nucleophilic Attack
      - Step 5: Water Attacks
      - Step 1: Substrate Binding
      - Step 6: Break-off from the Enzyme
      - Step 7: Product Dissociates
- - - - – homopolysaccharides (one monomer unit)
      - – heteropolysaccharides(multiple monomer units)
      - – linear (one type of glycosidic bond)
      - – branched (multiple types of glycosidic bonds)
    - - homo
        
        starch
        
        cellulose
        
        glycogen
        
        chitin
      - hetero
        
        agar
        
        養菌
        
        agarose
        
        電泳
        
        glycosaminoglycans
        
        heparin
  - - - one that is most distant from the carbonyl carbon is
        designated as D (right) or L (left)
        
        enantiomers
    - - The former carbonyl carbon becomes a new chiral center, called the anomeric carbon.
        
        – When the former carbonyl oxygen becomes a hydroxyl group, the position of this group determines if the anomer is α or β.
        
        – If the hydroxyl group is on the opposite side (trans) of the ring as the CH2OH moiety, the configuration is α.
        
        the CH2OH moiety, the configuration is β. If the hydroxyl group is on the same side (cis) of the ring as
      - Six-membered oxygen-containing rings are called
        
        pyranoses after the pyran ring structure.
        
        • Five-membered oxygen-containing rings are called furanoses after the furan ring structure
        
        • The anomeric carbon is usually drawn on the right side
      - Multiple “chair” conformations are possible but require energy
        for interconversion