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2.2.5 Causes, consequences, and management of rural-urban migration in…
2.2.5 Causes, consequences, and management of rural-urban migration in developing countries:
Causes:
Land grabbing:
Land may be seized from vulnerable groups from MNCs, Govs, individals
e.g Zimbabwe - gov removed land off thousands of white famers in 2000-01 in controversial scheme to address colonial era land ownership ended with decades of economic decline due to economic sanctions from the West
Indigenous groups- e.g subsistence farming communities may have no legal claim to their ancestral land, they sometimes lack literacy and education needed to defend their rights in a court of law
For example: logging in Amazonia is displacing traditional tribes
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Rural - Urban Migration:
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Key facts:
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Non-refoulement - principle that binds all states which means states cannot force asylum seekers/refugees to return to a country where they are subject to persecution under 1951 un argreement on refugees
The poorer countries have approx. 20% urban and 80% rural
The wealthier countries have approx. 80% Urban and 20% rural
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Problems in Nigeria:
Economic
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Unemployment = 23.7% (2019) and underemployed (work that doesn't make full use of their skills) 16.6%
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Makoko - slum in Lagos
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Fishing is large source of income - climate change and rising sea temps leave these communities with nothing
Healthcare - practically non-existent, reliant on Red Cross, UN support - high infant and maternal mortality rate due to disease and lack of healthcare
2012 - gov issued 72-hr notice - demolition workers set fire to targeted structures - fired gunshots, chainsaws used to cut down buildings - 30,000 homeless
Began with Egun people from Benin who migrated and their main profession was fishing - now more diverse
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