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p.164 Evaluate the success of Nicholas II as tsar between 1894 and 1914 -…
p.164 Evaluate the success of Nicholas II as tsar between 1894 and 1914
contemporary situation
fail to adapt to the rapidly changing hostile conditions in Russia
strong autocratic mentality of Nicholas
role of the tutor Pobedonotsev
fail to reform (they were quite superficial)
and those reforms were made by Sergei Witte and Stolypin
Witte knew that industrilization of Russia would be essential, so Nicholas's reign put effort to get foreign investments and put protective tariffs on foreing goods and increased the Russian currency to gold standard.
But they ignored the peasants through high taxation, low wages and lack of agricultural reforms => discontent!!!
foreign engineers
Trans-Siberian railway
Sergei Witte believed in the need for political reforms to go with this economic growth. This resulted in him making powerful enemies, including Plehve, who favoured a policy of repression
Stolypin addressed agricultural problems and hunger (the system not efficient to produce enough food)
Dumas
biased towards autocratics/conservatives
personality
In his diary from 1894 he has written that "I am not prepared to be the Tsar. I never wanted to become one."
not enough courage
wars
failure in Russo-Japanese war that led to 1905 revolution
Bloody Sundat
WW1
Nicholas's wife and Rasputin left on charge
They removed all the capable ministers from power
1917 Revolution
end of the Russian Tsardom
Historian Alan Moorehead: "although Nicholas did not have a naturally autocratic personality, his wife Alexandra and multiple reactionary statesmen forced him to rule the country with an iron fist