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PRAGMATICS the study of meaning in context
the study of “invisible”…
PRAGMATICS
- the study of meaning in context
- the study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.
CONTEXT
Linguistic context (Co-text)
- the set of other words used in the same phrase / sentence
"She has to go to the bank to withdraw some cash"
"bank" = ngân hàng
Physical context
- Physical location will influence our interpretation
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SPEECH ACTS
- an action such as performed by a speaker with an utterance
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POLITENESS = "Face"
- Your face = your public self-image
- showing awareness and consideration of another person's face (emotional & social sense of self)
Positive face ➕
- our needs to be respected, honoured, included, approved, liked, and considered competent and trustworthy.
- E.g:
_Let’s do this together.
_You and I have the same problem, so...
Negative face ➖
- the need for privacy, independence, autonomy, freedom, and right to make one’s own decisions
- a face-saving act emphasizes a person's negative face will show concern about imposition
- E.g:
_"I'm sorry to bother you..."
_ I know you're busy, but ......"
Face-threatening act
E.g: "Give me that paper!"
-> you behave like you have more social power than the other person
Face-saving act
- indirect speech act
- E.g: "Could you pass me that paper?"
-> removes the assumption of social power
