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Biology 5th Bimester, Extra Points 5th Bimester, 5°B, Eduardo Rubio…

- - - - Cell body
        
        The nucleus of the neuron and many of the cell organelles are found in here.
      - Axon
        
        Carries the nerve impulse from the cell body to other neurons and muscles.
      - Dendrites
        
        Receive signals called impulses from other neurons and conduct the impulses to the cell body.
    - - A nerve impulse is an action potential
    - - Is a chemical that diffuses across a synapse and binds to receptors on the dendrite of a neighboring neuron.
    - - Is a gap between one neuron’s axon and another neuron’s dendrite.
  - - - Carry impulses that are associated with sharp pain.
    - - Carry impulses that are involved in dull pain. The action potential travels slower.
  - - - Carry the impulse to motor neurons.
    - - Work from the brain and spinal cord, to gland and muscles.
    - - Work from the skin and sense organs, to the brain and spinal cord.
  - - - Is made up of interneurons of the brain and spinal cord.
      - Is the control center of the body responsible for the coordination of all the body’s activities, as well as it sends messages, processes information, and analyzes responses.
      - Is divided into the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.
      - Parts
        
        Brain stem
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Cerebellum
        
        Spinal cord
        
        Cerebrum
    - - Is made up of sensory neurons and motor neurons.
        
        Somatic nervous system (voluntary): relays information to and from the skin and skeletal muscles.
        
        Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): relays information to the internal organs.
        
        Sympathetic nervous system: controls organs in times of stress.
        
        Parasympathetic nervous system: controls organs when the body is at rest.
  - - - Sight
        
        Optic nerve
      - Hearing
        
        Auditory nerve
      - Smell
        
        Olfactory bulb
      - Touch
        
        Different nerves throughout the dermis
      - Taste
        
        Taste bud
  - - - A substance, natural or artificial, that alters the function of the body.
        
        Stimulants
        
        Drugs that increase alertness and physical activity.
        
        Depressants
        
        Drugs that tend to slow down the central nervous system.
    - - Cause an increase in the amount of a neurotransmitter that is released into a synapse.
      - It can block a receptor site on a dendrite, preventing a neurotransmitter from binding.
    - - Occurs when a person needs more and more of the same drug to get the same effect.
    - - The psychological and/or physiological dependence on a drug.
- - - - Veins
        
        Carry oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the heart.
      - Capillaries
        
        Are the smallest branches of blood vessels and are responsible for the exchange of important substances and for wastes to occur.
      - Arteries
        
        Large blood vessels from the heart to the body that transport oxygen-rich blood.
  - - - Oxygenated blood to the body
      - Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  - - - The alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall caused by contraction of the left ventricle.
    - - A measure of how much pressure is exerted against the vessel walls by the blood.
- - - - Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs.
    - - Internal
        
        The exchange of gases happens between the blood and the body’s cells.
      - External
        
        The exchange of gases happens between the atmosphere and the blood.
  - - - Alveoli
        
        The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens in the alveoli.
      - Diaphragm
        
        Inhalation: the diaphragm contracts
        
        Exhalation: the diaphragm expands
- - - - Nutrients from food are absorbed
    - - Happens when the organism eliminates wastes
    - - Happens when someone eats food
  - - - Chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces.
    - - Breakdown of large molecules in food into smaller substances by enzymes.
  - - - Amylase
        
        Proteins in saliva that convert carbohydrates into sugars.
      - Pepsin
        
        Proteins in the stomach involved in chemical digestion of proteins.
  - - - Ingests food
    - - Transports food by swallowing to the stomach
    - - Eliminates wastes that the body does not need
    - - Breaks down food with gastric acids
    - - Transports wastes to the rectum
    - - Produces bile, which helps break down fats
    - - Absorbs the nutrients from food
    - - Stores excess bile
    - - Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
  - - - Food nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream through these fingerlike structures
    - - A semiliquid fluid that moves to the large intestine