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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, EMOTIONS, LEISURE, RELATIONSHIPS, SUBJECTIVE WELL…

- - - - Aristotle
        
        eudaimonia
        
        meaning
        
        self-realisation
        
        flourishing
        
        completeness
        
        Aristotelian circle
  - - - Alfred Adler
      - traits are innate in every child
    - - Carl Jung
    - - euphatics
      - social indicators research
    - - behaviour is primarily determined by perception and personal meaning
      - individuals are more than just their environment or their genes
      - humans are internally directed and motivated
- - - - generally doing well, but is currently distressed
      - high well-being, high mental illness
    - - high well-being and low mental health
      - happy, competent, and connected (emotional, psychological, and social well-being)
        
        complete mental health
      - independence of well-being and illness
    - - difficult situation and illness
      - low well-being, high mental illness
    - - low well-being, low mental illness
      - no significant mental health issues, but unfulfilled
- - - - external reward/threat of punishment
    - - internalised, pressuring voice that may cause guilt, worry, and shame
    - - accepting behaviour because you recognise that it benefits you in achieving a goal
    - - external motivation is congruent with one's personal beliefs and values
- - - - happiness is not stable across lifespan
      - life events and interventions can have a lasting impact
    - - Depth of cognitive processing
      - Overstimulated easily
      - Emotionally reactive and empathic
      - Sensitive to subtle stimuli
  - - - involves will
      - valued across time and culture, is morally valued
      - different from talents
      - Peterson & Seligman
        
        wisdom
        
        courage
        
        humanity
        
        transcendence
        
        justice
        
        moderation
        
        critique
        
        some strengths are only expressed in rare circumstances
        
        cultural uniqueness is difficult to establish
        
        little data on longitudinal development
- - - - broaden one's awareness
        
        new adaptive behaviour
        
        building enduring personal resources
        
        upward spiral theory
        
        awareness of options and evidence
      - high approach
        
        narrowed attention
      - low approach
        
        broader attention
- - - - more related to life satisfaction in collectivistic cultures
    - - feelings of being controlled
      - rigid persistence
      - conflict with identity
    - - key element for success
      - persistence and passion
      - criticism
        
        overlap with other constructs
        
        requires other elements to be satisfied before it can exert its effects
        
        overstates the role of individual achievements, and understates environmental factors
- - - - high challenge, low skill
    - - high challenge, high skill
    - - low challenge, low skill
    - - low challenge, high skill
  - - - high challenge, high skill
    - - low challenge, high skill
- - - - passive-destructive
        
        no acknowledgement
      - passive-constructive
        
        positive acknowledgement, but not about its importance
      - active-destructive
        
        counteractive acknowledgement
      - active-constructive
        
        positive predictor
  - - - passion
      - resilient illusions conceal differences
    - - find ways to acknowledge, accept, and work with shortcomings
- - - - contrary evidence shows an increase in marital satisfaction for women
- - - - major life events can have major impact on SWB
- - - - the livability theory
      - SWB is related to not having money, not necessarily money itself
      - curvilinear relationship between money and SWB
      - hedonic treadmill
      - personality-matched spending
        
        extroverts
        
        spending money on typical activities for extroverts
    - - women had higher SWB decades ago
    - - republicans
        
        system justification
        
        rationalise inequality
        
        higher income, employed, married, attend church
  - - - learned optimism
      - realistic optimism
        
        recognition of opportunities for positive growth
      - tragic optimism
      - hope therapy
    - - avoid and manage motivational conflict
        
        life satisfaction
    - - internal locus of control
      - more optimistic
      - greater degree of autonomy, mastery, and ambition
    - - can be beneficial up to a certain level
    - - downward social comparison
        
        used more often by happier people
      - upward social comparison
      - horizontal social comparison
    - - higher SWB
        
        extraversion
        
        agreeableness
        
        conscientiousness
    - - higher SWB
      - feeling that one is accepted by others
      - being the recipient of positive evaluations from others
      - belief that you are compared favourably when compared to others or to one's ideal self
      - believing that one can initiate effective action
      - more useful for defending against negative emotions, rather than promoting happiness
- - - - interventions should focus on frequency instead
      - more stable and consistent emotions are better for well-being
  - - - personality
    - - demographic, national, regional factors
    - - 40% of influence on happiness
  - - - fit between exercise and personality
      - motivation to become happier
      - the belief that SWB is malleable
      - effort
    - - longer duration
      - a variety of activities
        
        avoid hedonic adaptation
      - encouragement of habit development
- - - - specific, measurable, and achievable goals
      - concrete goals
        
        avoid false hope syndrome
  - - - acceptance
      - defusion
    - - present moment
      - self-as-context
    - - values
      - committed action
    - - focus lies on the role of thoughts and the function of behaviour
      - focuses on adaptation
      - CBT focuses on pathology
- - - - better health decisions through guidance
    - - positive emotions
      - stress-buffering mechanisms
      - decreasing hostility
  - - - more helpful to write about negative experiences
      - writing about positive experiences may lead to lower well-being
    - - short term
        
        regret of action
      - long term
        
        regret of inaction
  - - - positive reaction from social environment
      - extraverted, emotionally stable people
- - - - better mental and physical health
      - active determination of the direction of life
- - - - conservers
        
        high environmental mastery, low personal growth
      - achievers
        
        most integrated identity, maximised on positive emotions
      - seekers
        
        low environmental mastery, high personal growth
      - depleted
        
        low environmental mastery, low personal growth
  - - - integrated identity
        
        reality distortion
      - complex (over-differentiated) identity
        
        high complex sense of self, lower defensiveness
      - self-protective (under-differentiated) identity
        
        stronger defensive mechanisms to maintain positive emotions
      - dysregulated identity
        
        unresolved issues
- - - - comprehensible
      - manageable
      - meaningful
- - - - we avoid real emotions
    - - life with meaning
  - - - competence
      - relatedness
      - autonomy
- - - - intrapersonal
      - interpersonal
      - extrapersonal
- - - - minimised functional loss
      - absence of disease
      - maintenance of physical and cognitive functioning
      - active engagement with life
    - - no subjective component
      - stigma of the term "successful"
      - largely based on Western culture
      - extensions are neeeded
  - - - elective selection
      - loss-based selection
  - - - behavioural set of exploration
      - sacrifice emotional well-being
      - information-seeking
- - - - sampling bias