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MENTAL DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ellis' ABC model (1962):
        A refers to the activating event (e.g. getting fired from work)
        B is the belief, which may be rational or irrational eg company was overstaffed or ‘I was sacked because they never liked me.’
        C is the consequence - rational beliefs lead to healthy emotions e.g. acceptance, irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotions e.g. depressions
        Musturbatory thinking
        thinking that certain assumptions must be true in order to be happy. Ellis identifies the three most important irrational beliefs:
        
        I must be approved of or accepted by people I find important
        
        I must do well or I am worthless
        
        The world must give me happiness, or I will die
        
        Beck's negative triad:
        Depressed people have acquired a negative schema during childhood - a tendency to adopt a negative view of the world. This may have been caused by a variety of factors e.g. parental/peer rejection and criticisms by teachers.
        Negative schemas = systematic cognitive biases in thinking.
    - - POSITIVE:
        Support for the role of rational thinking - Hammen and Krantz (1976), Bates et al (1999)
        Practical applications - CBT
      - NEGATIVE:
        Irrational beliefs may be realistic - Alloy and Abrahmson (1979)
        Blames the client rather than situational factors
        Reductionist explanation - diathesis-stress
  - - - Ellis - REBT: (rational emotional behaviour therapy) followed on from his ABC model of depression. This focuses on challenging or disputing irrational thoughts/beliefs and replacing them with effective, rational beliefs.
        D = disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs
        E = effects of disputing/effective attitude to life
        F = new feelings (emotions) that are produced
        This developed into CBT, or cognitive behavioural therapy.
        Logical disputing = self-defeating beliefs do not make sense - they are illogical
        Empirical disputing = self-defeating beliefs do not reflect reality - there is no proof that this is true
        Pragmatic disputing = self-defeating beliefs are not useful - how is this helping you?
    - - POSITIVE:
      - NEGATIVE: