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Shortness of Breath-Mrs ZA, By Unathi Tabata, Mindmap of the primary…
Shortness of Breath-Mrs ZA
Respiratory causes
Bronchiactasis
Mechanism
: dilatation of bronchi as a result of chronic inflammation makes breathing harder because the walls of bronchi are thickened and damaged.
Pneumonia
Mechanism:
Inflammation of the air sacs causes the pleura to swell making it difficult to move air through airspaces. This leads to shortness of breath
Pulmonary TB
:
Mechanism:
The building up of fluid between the pleura, that surrounds the lungs and line the inside of the chest wall causes breathing difficulties
Pneumothorax:
Mechanism:
air accumulation in pleural sac makes the pressure against the lung to collapse the lung
COPD
: Mechanism-caused by airway obstruction and sputum hypersecretion. This makes it hard to breathe
Pulmonary circulation causes(Resp)
Pulmonary embolism:
Mechanism:
Occlusion of arteries prevents free oxygen transportation to the rest of the body. This blockage results to breathing difficulties
Hypertension:
Mechanism:
narrowing of arteries results to shortage of oxygenated blood.
Chest wall causes
Pleural tumour
:
Mechanism:
Tumor cells cause inflammation of the pleura which causes fluid accumulation in the pleural space. The fluid prevents expansion of the lungs resulting to increased work of breath.
Fractured ribs:
Mechanism:
prevents free moving of air resulting to difficulty of taking deep breaths.
Kyphoscoliosis
:
Mechanism:
leads to hypoventilation that is caused by a reduced chest wall compliance as a result of spinal curvature. Thus, the work of breathing increases.
Cardiac
Left ventricular failure:
Mechanism
: blood accumulates in the pulmonary veins causing shortness of breath
Mitral valve disease:
Mechanism:
pressure that increases in the heart goes back to the lungs, causing accumulation of the fluid (congestion) and shortness of breath.
Cardiomyopathy:
Mechanism
-heart cannot pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body resulting to shortness of breath
Pericardial effusion
:
Mechanism:
build up of fluid in the pericardial space prevent sac expansion. The fluid compresses the heart and increase the pressure inside the sac causing shortage of oxygenated blood and thus cause shortness of breath
Pericarditis
:
Mechanism
scar tissue hardens the pericardial sac , preventing the heart from working well.This results to shortness of breath.
Other
Anxiety:
Mechanism
: anxiety causes muscle tension whixh worsens breathing
Acidosis:
Mechanism:
The ventilatory center in the brainstem is activated, causing hyperventilation in an effort to compensate for the acidosis
Panic attacks:
Mechanism:
amygdala of the brain becomes activated> autonomic activation and hyperventilation leads to coronary artery spam , causing shortness of breath.
GIT causes
GERD
:
Mechanism:
Can cause build up of stomach acid in the lungs causing inflammation of airways and thus cause dyspnoea
By Unathi Tabata
Mindmap of the primary presenting complaint