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Superpowers and different types of power: 2.2.6 - Coggle Diagram
Superpowers and different types of power: 2.2.6
Superpower: country had ability to project power and dominance anywhere in the world - may attain status of global hegemony(dominance by one group over all others) e.g US
What does country need to become superpower?
Cultural influence
Human power
Access for import/export
Energy influence
Resources
Strong robust domestic economy
Diplomatic international relations
Why is China a SP?
Analysis:
Growth began 1978 - Deng Xiaoping 'open door' reforms - started to embrace trade globalisation - remind under 1-party rule
400m removed from poverty since reforms began
China's FDI & MNCs total $1.25trillion between 2015-25
Evaluation:
Average income only 1/2 US citizens
Economic growth slowed
Lacks soft power - cultural isolation (internet freedom restricted)
Lack of democracy affects international relations
Different types of power:
Soft power: ability to attract and appeal to shape preferences of other
Through cultural influence or diplomacy
Hard power: Coerce means to influence behaviour of others
Through military threat/usage or economic sanctions
Smart power (nye): combination of hard & soft power using both when appropriate
Regional superpower: regionally powerful and can exert global influence in certain ways
E.g Qatar - highest GDP per capita ($100,000) due to fossil fuel sales - Doha, important city for conferences e.g Doha round of WTO - Qatar's Al Jazeera media network rivals BBC & CNN in some places - holding 2022 football World Cup
Global Hub: important city when viewed nationally and globally - presence of HQs of major MNCs, top unis, global financial/ political institutions (sometimes megacities, but not essential) e.g DC, Oxford
Requirements (must fit some):
Human Resources (going out)
Large labour force
Skilled labour
Diverse mix of language spoken
Going in:
Flow of international & internal migrants
Flows of capital and FDI/MNC investment
Natural resources:
Physical factors (raw mats) aid growth of industry
Oil resources
Strategic location encourages investment e.g Silicon Valley has Stanford uni, San Fran airport
Coastline ideal to trade
Global tech hub - Silicon Roundabout (East London Tech City):
Background:
Shoreditch, London
Tech hub of major businesses e.g Facebook, Google have offices here - central London unis = partners in projects based in area
Stats:
1340 digital/creative businesses
1627 tech jobs
74% of comps are less than 5 years old
£35bn pumped into city's economy from this area
Pros
Supports small start up businesses
Re-vamped old brown sites - gentrification
High speed networks added
Share HR/ office space - small businesses save money
Cons
Victim of own success - ran out of space
Didn't have focus which didn't limit who located there - major international comps then raised rent prices
Original residents displaced