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GENERAL FEATURES OF A CELL - Coggle Diagram
GENERAL FEATURES OF A CELL
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANISMS
PROKARYOTES
mostly unicellular
no nucleus and membrane bound organelles
they are simple organisms
eg: bacteria and archaea
contains cytoplasm
Ribosomes
synthesizes proteins
covered by the cell wall
surrounding the cell wall is the glycocalyx
Adheres the surfaces
helps to retain water
prevents dehydration
prevents infections
Nucleoid region
houses the genetic material
Appendage surrounding the cell
Pilli
aids in attachment
usually present in larger amount around the cell
Flagella
aids in movement
only one or 2 present in the cell
EUKARYOTES
mostly consists of many cells
they are complex organisms
membrane bound organelle
eg: Plant and Animal cells
has many organelles which are different in plants and animal
Animal cell
mitochondria, perixisomes and cetrosomes
Plant cells
chloroplast, vacuoles and cell wall.
Cytosol
region of metabolic activities
catabolic and anabolic reactions
uses enzymes and ATP
located inside the cell but outside the cytoplasm
highly compartmentalized
specific functions located in a certain region
Cytoskeleton
Consists of a network of protein
Intermediate filament
size is intermediate to microtubules and actin
made up of
Keratin
and
Lamin
protein
Twisted rope like structure
Actin filament
long and thin
Microtubules
long, hollow and cylindrical
Two ends - positive and negative
helps in growth and change in length
Dynamic Instability
made up of alpha and beta tubulin protein
Is made use of by motor proteins
movement of proteins along the cytoskeleton
movement/bending of filament
binds to actin filament with the head of the protein
in the presence of linkage proteins within the filament, bending takes place
uses ATP for movement
Semiautonomous organelles
Organelles capable of surviving partially by themselves
Mitochondria
makes ATP
Outer, inner membrane, Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
synthesizes, modifies and breaks down of several types of cellular molecules
contains their own DNA and thus makes their own protiens
divides through binary fission
Chloroplast
Structures
Outer and inner membrane
Intermembrane space
Thylakoid membrane
contains own DNA and divides through binary fission
main function is photosynthesis
Endomembrane system
helps in the movement of substances from one organelle to another via vesicles
Includes
:
Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened structures
helps in modification, packaging, sorting and secretion
3 positions
Cis- facing the ER
Medial
Trans- facing the membrane
Lysosomes
Contain acid
Hydrolases
performs hydrolysis under acidic conditions
break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
Digestion of substances-
Endocytosis
Recycling of worn-out organelles-
Autophagy.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of flattened structures
Cisternae
has a ER lumen- where most reactions/ processes occurs
2 types
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
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Peroxisomes
Catalyze certain reactions- oxidation reactions
Catalase catabolize dangerous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores provide a passageway
continuous with the ER membrane
covers the nucleus with houses DNA and produces ribosomes
Vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles
Expelling excess water- protists
Phagocytic vacuoles
Degradation
Central vacuoles
storage- plants
Plasma membrane
Functions
Cell Signaling
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Cell Adhesion
Membrane transport
Boundary between the inside and outside of the cell
CELL THEORY
Cells comes from pre- existing cells
through cell division
it is the smallest unit of organisms
Organism are composed of cells
organisms with many cells- multicellular
organisms with only one cell- unicellular
PROTIEN SORTING
Co-translational sorting
happens mid of the translational process
translation stops mid way and continues when attached to ER
makes use of signaling sequences and recognition sequence
occurs for the ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles etc.
Post translational sorting
for the peroxisomes, mitochondria and chloroplast
synthesized in the cytosol and sorted later
occurs after the entire process of translation is completed