Andy Rico P.6 Lymphatic/Immune System.

Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)

Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions

Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense

Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses

Humoral response and cellular response

Antigens and antibodies

Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity

Passive vs. Active immunity

Cells involved in the immune system and their functions

Disorders associated with the Immune system

Differences

Similarities

Both the passive and active immunity are further subdivisions of the humoral response of the body in which B cells are involved in order to attack a pathogen

In Passive immunity, the antibodies are already made and are just being introduce to your body through several methods, meaning that your immune system has no need to create antibodies

In active immunity the body will produce the specific antibodies needed in order to fight of the specific pathogen

They are both part of the adaptive immune system, therefor both the active and passive immunity will attack specific pathogens

In Passive immunity because the body does not produce antibodies, the b cells are not activated by antigens, so no memory cells will be produce

In active immune system, the b cells are used, therefore memory b cells are produce for future attacks

Differences

The major function of both the lymphatic and immune system are

To maintain and manage the fluids levels in the body

The absorption of fats found in the digestive tract

To defend the body against pathogens such as: Bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancer cells or any foreign invaders that might cause harm to the body

The removal of cellular waste from are system

The lymphatic system is made out of multiple organs and structures such as:

Primary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphoid organs

Thymus

Red Bone Marrow

Tonsils

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Lymph nodes

Appendix

Spleen

Peyers patches

Location: The thymus is located in the top part of the chess, under the breast bone and between the lungs

Function: To produce and allow for the maturation of T cells

Location: The red bone marrow is found within the flat bones of the body

Function: It is in charge of making red blood cells, white blood cells as well as platelets.

Location: The spleen is located inside the lefty rib cage, above the stomach

Function: The spleens function is to clean the blood and remove aged or defective red blood cells, place were the lymphocytes can be activated as well as cloned, can store platelets,monocytes and irons

Location: There are multiple lymph nodes through out the body they are located in the neck, armpits, groin, around the gut and in between the lungs

Function: It cleans the lymph (body fluid) as well as begin a site for the activation and cloning of lymphocytes

Location: They are located at the back of the mouth, and to the sides of the pharynx

Function: The tonsils function is to prevent germs and bacteria from entering the mouth or nose and overall the body

Function: The appendix acts as a store house for good bacteria

Location: The appendix are located on the lower part of the abdomen

Location: The MALT structure is located in the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye and skin

Function: It destroys bacteria

Location: They are located in the lining of the intestine

Function: Surveillance of the materials found within the digestive system for pathogens

Second line of defense (Innate defense system)

Third line of defense (Adaptive defense system)

First line of defense (Innate defense system)

Structures involved

Purpose: They prevent the pathogens from ever entering the body

Purpose: The purpose of the second line of defense is to attack and stop the spread of any pathogens that managed to get in.

Organisms involved

Purpose: To kill a specific pathogen that is within the body ( this process takes longer than a attack from the second line of defense)

Structure involved:

Skin

Tears

Mucous

Cells involved

Other responses:

Basophils

Neutrophil

Eosinophils

Mast cells

Natural killer cells

Inflammation

Fever

Proteins:

Microbial proteins

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

B cells

Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Plasma B cells

Memory T cells

Memory B cells

The immune system is divided into two defenses:

Innate (natural) immune defense

Adaptive( acquired) immune defense

This is the defense system we are born with, hence the word natural

The adaptive immune system is created in response to exposure to pathogens

The Innate immune defense is also known as the non-immune defense does not attack any specific pathogen and rather any pathogen that enters or tries to enter the body

The adaptive immune defense also known as the specific immune defense will attack specific pathogens

In the innate defense system is composed of two first lines of defense meaning that it uses both physical and chemical barriers

Because it is non-specific the immune response is quicker

Due to the fact that it is specific the response will take longer

It is composed of the third line of defense and subdivides into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

In this defense memory cells are not created

In this defense there is the production of memory cells for future attacks

There are two subdivisions to the adaptive immune response

Cell mediated response

Humoral response

The Humoral response utilizes the use of B cells, plamsa cells and memeory B cells

The Humoral response does not attack the specific pathogen directly and rather uses antibodies to attack the pathogen

The antibodies are able to travel through the body fluids

The cytotoxic T cells attack the pathogen directly

The cell mediated response utilizes cytotoxic T cells , regulatory T cells and Helper T cells

No antibodies are used in this response

Similarities

They are both activated by a Helper T cell

They both create memory cells after the immune response

Creates memory b cells after the attack

It creates memory T cell

They are both subdivisions of the adaptive immune response

They both attack specific pathogens

Antigens: A antigen is any substance that is able to trigger a immune response

Antibodies

Characteristic of Antigens

The antigen can be complete or incomplete (hatpin)

The antigen will contain antigenic determinants

The antigen can also be a self antigen meaning that it is a antigen who is part of are bodies tissue cells, the bodies tell the immune system that these cells are ours and should not be attacked in any way

Similarities

Description: A antibody also called immunoglobulins are proteins that are secreted by plasma cells in order to attack pathogens

Characteristics of Antibodies

They are able to bind to specific antigens who were detected by the B cells

There are 5 classes of antibodies

Structure of a antibody

It has a Y shape with 4 polypeptide chains, a antigen binding site at the end of each arm

Function:

The antibodies do not destroy the antigens and rather deactivates them and tag them. They use 4 defensive mechanisms

Neutralization

Agglutination

Precipitation

Complement fixation

The simplest mechanic defense system in which the antibody blocks specific sites of the pathogen, this doe not allow for the antigen to bind to any tissue cells receptor

When a antibody crosses with an antigen and from these clump like structures, this way enchaining phagocytosis

The formation of insoluble complexes as a result between a cross of antigens and soluble molecules, this makes it easier for other cells to engulf the complex

The antibodies blocks the antigens binding site, this can lead to cell lysis or and enhances inflammation and phagocytosis

There are both present in Artificial and Passive humoral immunity

Depending on what humoral immunity is subdividing, will determine the the example of the acquired immunity

Active Humoral Immunity

Passive Humoral Immunity

Natural acquired immunity

Artificial acquired immunity

Artificial acquired immunity

Natural acquired immunity

Artificial active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies in response to a vaccine that contains weaken pathogens itself

Natural active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies in response to a viral or bacterial infection

Artificial passive immunity occurs when a person is injected with a serum such as gamma globulin in which it already contains antibodies

Natural passive immunity occurs when the bodies receives antibodies through natural means such as the mothers breast milk or through placenta for fetuses

Cells involved in the Innate immune system

Cells involved in the adaptive immunity system

Basophil

Natural Killer cells

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Macrophages

Dendritic cell

Monocytes

Mast cells

Its function is to destroy pathogens while also aiding in facilitating healing and repair. The monocyte also can morph into a macrophages

The macrophages are able to sense pathogens and eventually destroy them through engulfing the pathogen, the cell can also secrete inflammatory agents as well as the activation of other cells such as neutrophil. This cell also serves as a antigen-presenting cell

They patrol the body for any pathogens, when found they will trap them and kill them and can activate other cells such as macrophages

This cell is able to patrol and detect pathogens, this way helping to destroy these coming pathogens as well as activation of other cells such as neutrophil

The cell kills any cells that are infected with a pathogen to prevent the spread

They are effector cells that defend the body through attacking pathogens such as parasites

These cells take in the pathogen, they process it and present the antigen to other cells for activation

They help control other cells and attack pathogens such as parasites

Killer T cell

B cells

Virgin killer T cell

Virgin B cells

Helper T cell

Plasma cells

Virgin Helper T cell

Long lived plasma cells

Memory B cell

Cells that are yet not active, but one they are, they will morph into a Helper T cell

The helper T cell will be activates by a Antigen presenting cells and itself will activate cells such as the Killer T cells as well as the B cell

A virgin killer T cell is a T cell that has yet to be activates, one it is it will morph into a Killer T cell

The killer T cell also known as the cytotoxic T cells attack the pathogens directly, after the attack

Memory T cells

These cells contain the memory of the attack, so when the same pathogen attacks the body it will be able to react quicker as it already knows how to kill it

They are activated by the Helper T cells, they also serves as antigen presenting cells and when activated will morph into a plasma cells

They are cells that are yet not activated but once they are they will morph into a B cell

They are the result of a plasma B cell morphing, they will produce antibodies to attack the specific pathogen

They are the result of a plasma B cell morphing they provide long lasting protective immunity

The result of the B cells morphing after the attack, they store information for future attacks and helps for defense against specific pathogens

Pus

A creamy yellow substance which is a mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue cells, and living or dead pathogen. Abscesses can be formed when pus is contained within the body in a sac

Immunodeficiency

Diseases in which the immune system is suppressed to the point of begin unable to fight off any pathogen as it can no loner produce the necessary cells to fight of the infection

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

Hodgkin’s disease

Description: Genetic syndrome in which affects production of B and T cells that can be deadly

Treatment: Bone marrow transplant

Diseases that causes cancer of B cells which affect the lymph nodes which will lead to immunodeficiency

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Description: HIV cripples the immune system by affecting the activity of the T cells

Transmitted by

Body Fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretion

Can enter the body through: blood transfusion, blood contaminated needles, sexual intercourse, oral sex and from mother to fetus

Symptoms

Weight loss

night sweats

swollen lymph nodes

Immune system collapse

Autoimmune disease

Description: Disease that causes the immune system to attack the bodies tissue cells as they are not able to distinguish between are cells and foreign cells

Autoimmunity

Were the body produces antibodies and special cytotoxic T cells that destroys the bodies cells. There are many examples such as

Multiple sclerosis

Graves’ disease:

Myasthenia gravis

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Glomerulonephritis

It destroys the joints

It impairs the nerve muscle connection

It destroys the white matter myelin

Causes hyperthyroidism

Destroys pancreatic cells

Affects multiple organs

Damages kidneys

Treatment

Suppress the immune system by using

Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids

Blocking cytokine action

Blocking co-stimulatory molecules

Hypersensitivities

Description: When the body creates a immune response to a non dangerous substance , the reaction can damage the tissue cells

Immediate hypersensitivity

This is also known as the as acute hypersensitivity which begins right when the allergen has initial connect and create allergic reaction

Symptoms

Runny nose

itchy hives

watery eyes

Systemic response is a anaphylactic shock

The bronchioles constrict making it harder to breathe

Vasodilattation will result in low blood volume

Treatment: Epinephrine

There are also chemicals used by the skin and mucous that inhibits and kills the bacteria

Enzyme

Mucin

Acid

Also known as the acid mantel, this is found in both the skin and mucous which serve as a way to inhibit that pathogens growth

There are many enzymes that can kill pathogens such as bacteria, these enzymes are fond in the saliva, respiratory mucous, lacrimal fluids,

Sticky mucus that lines the digestive system and respiratory tract which traps microorganisms

They are both part of the adaptive system

They both utilizes antibodies