Andy Rico P.6 Lymphatic/Immune System.
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Humoral response and cellular response
Antigens and antibodies
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Passive vs. Active immunity
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Differences
Similarities
Both the passive and active immunity are further subdivisions of the humoral response of the body in which B cells are involved in order to attack a pathogen
In Passive immunity, the antibodies are already made and are just being introduce to your body through several methods, meaning that your immune system has no need to create antibodies
In active immunity the body will produce the specific antibodies needed in order to fight of the specific pathogen
They are both part of the adaptive immune system, therefor both the active and passive immunity will attack specific pathogens
In Passive immunity because the body does not produce antibodies, the b cells are not activated by antigens, so no memory cells will be produce
In active immune system, the b cells are used, therefore memory b cells are produce for future attacks
Differences
The major function of both the lymphatic and immune system are
To maintain and manage the fluids levels in the body
The absorption of fats found in the digestive tract
To defend the body against pathogens such as: Bacteria, viruses, parasites, cancer cells or any foreign invaders that might cause harm to the body
The removal of cellular waste from are system
The lymphatic system is made out of multiple organs and structures such as:
Primary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs
Thymus
Red Bone Marrow
Tonsils
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
Lymph nodes
Appendix
Spleen
Peyers patches
Location: The thymus is located in the top part of the chess, under the breast bone and between the lungs
Function: To produce and allow for the maturation of T cells
Location: The red bone marrow is found within the flat bones of the body
Function: It is in charge of making red blood cells, white blood cells as well as platelets.
Location: The spleen is located inside the lefty rib cage, above the stomach
Function: The spleens function is to clean the blood and remove aged or defective red blood cells, place were the lymphocytes can be activated as well as cloned, can store platelets,monocytes and irons
Location: There are multiple lymph nodes through out the body they are located in the neck, armpits, groin, around the gut and in between the lungs
Function: It cleans the lymph (body fluid) as well as begin a site for the activation and cloning of lymphocytes
Location: They are located at the back of the mouth, and to the sides of the pharynx
Function: The tonsils function is to prevent germs and bacteria from entering the mouth or nose and overall the body
Function: The appendix acts as a store house for good bacteria
Location: The appendix are located on the lower part of the abdomen
Location: The MALT structure is located in the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye and skin
Function: It destroys bacteria
Location: They are located in the lining of the intestine
Function: Surveillance of the materials found within the digestive system for pathogens
Second line of defense (Innate defense system)
Third line of defense (Adaptive defense system)
First line of defense (Innate defense system)
Structures involved
Purpose: They prevent the pathogens from ever entering the body
Purpose: The purpose of the second line of defense is to attack and stop the spread of any pathogens that managed to get in.
Organisms involved
Purpose: To kill a specific pathogen that is within the body ( this process takes longer than a attack from the second line of defense)
Structure involved:
Skin
Tears
Mucous
Cells involved
Other responses:
Basophils
Neutrophil
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Natural killer cells
Inflammation
Fever
Proteins:
Microbial proteins
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
Plasma B cells
Memory T cells
Memory B cells
The immune system is divided into two defenses:
Innate (natural) immune defense
Adaptive( acquired) immune defense
This is the defense system we are born with, hence the word natural
The adaptive immune system is created in response to exposure to pathogens
The Innate immune defense is also known as the non-immune defense does not attack any specific pathogen and rather any pathogen that enters or tries to enter the body
The adaptive immune defense also known as the specific immune defense will attack specific pathogens
In the innate defense system is composed of two first lines of defense meaning that it uses both physical and chemical barriers
Because it is non-specific the immune response is quicker
Due to the fact that it is specific the response will take longer
It is composed of the third line of defense and subdivides into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
In this defense memory cells are not created
In this defense there is the production of memory cells for future attacks
There are two subdivisions to the adaptive immune response
Cell mediated response
Humoral response
The Humoral response utilizes the use of B cells, plamsa cells and memeory B cells
The Humoral response does not attack the specific pathogen directly and rather uses antibodies to attack the pathogen
The antibodies are able to travel through the body fluids
The cytotoxic T cells attack the pathogen directly
The cell mediated response utilizes cytotoxic T cells , regulatory T cells and Helper T cells
No antibodies are used in this response
Similarities
They are both activated by a Helper T cell
They both create memory cells after the immune response
Creates memory b cells after the attack
It creates memory T cell
They are both subdivisions of the adaptive immune response
They both attack specific pathogens
Antigens: A antigen is any substance that is able to trigger a immune response
Antibodies
Characteristic of Antigens
The antigen can be complete or incomplete (hatpin)
The antigen will contain antigenic determinants
The antigen can also be a self antigen meaning that it is a antigen who is part of are bodies tissue cells, the bodies tell the immune system that these cells are ours and should not be attacked in any way
Similarities
Description: A antibody also called immunoglobulins are proteins that are secreted by plasma cells in order to attack pathogens
Characteristics of Antibodies
They are able to bind to specific antigens who were detected by the B cells
There are 5 classes of antibodies
Structure of a antibody
It has a Y shape with 4 polypeptide chains, a antigen binding site at the end of each arm
Function:
The antibodies do not destroy the antigens and rather deactivates them and tag them. They use 4 defensive mechanisms
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation
The simplest mechanic defense system in which the antibody blocks specific sites of the pathogen, this doe not allow for the antigen to bind to any tissue cells receptor
When a antibody crosses with an antigen and from these clump like structures, this way enchaining phagocytosis
The formation of insoluble complexes as a result between a cross of antigens and soluble molecules, this makes it easier for other cells to engulf the complex
The antibodies blocks the antigens binding site, this can lead to cell lysis or and enhances inflammation and phagocytosis
There are both present in Artificial and Passive humoral immunity
Depending on what humoral immunity is subdividing, will determine the the example of the acquired immunity
Active Humoral Immunity
Passive Humoral Immunity
Natural acquired immunity
Artificial acquired immunity
Artificial acquired immunity
Natural acquired immunity
Artificial active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies in response to a vaccine that contains weaken pathogens itself
Natural active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies in response to a viral or bacterial infection
Artificial passive immunity occurs when a person is injected with a serum such as gamma globulin in which it already contains antibodies
Natural passive immunity occurs when the bodies receives antibodies through natural means such as the mothers breast milk or through placenta for fetuses
Cells involved in the Innate immune system
Cells involved in the adaptive immunity system
Basophil
Natural Killer cells
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Macrophages
Dendritic cell
Monocytes
Mast cells
Its function is to destroy pathogens while also aiding in facilitating healing and repair. The monocyte also can morph into a macrophages
The macrophages are able to sense pathogens and eventually destroy them through engulfing the pathogen, the cell can also secrete inflammatory agents as well as the activation of other cells such as neutrophil. This cell also serves as a antigen-presenting cell
They patrol the body for any pathogens, when found they will trap them and kill them and can activate other cells such as macrophages
This cell is able to patrol and detect pathogens, this way helping to destroy these coming pathogens as well as activation of other cells such as neutrophil
The cell kills any cells that are infected with a pathogen to prevent the spread
They are effector cells that defend the body through attacking pathogens such as parasites
These cells take in the pathogen, they process it and present the antigen to other cells for activation
They help control other cells and attack pathogens such as parasites
Killer T cell
B cells
Virgin killer T cell
Virgin B cells
Helper T cell
Plasma cells
Virgin Helper T cell
Long lived plasma cells
Memory B cell
Cells that are yet not active, but one they are, they will morph into a Helper T cell
The helper T cell will be activates by a Antigen presenting cells and itself will activate cells such as the Killer T cells as well as the B cell
A virgin killer T cell is a T cell that has yet to be activates, one it is it will morph into a Killer T cell
The killer T cell also known as the cytotoxic T cells attack the pathogens directly, after the attack
Memory T cells
These cells contain the memory of the attack, so when the same pathogen attacks the body it will be able to react quicker as it already knows how to kill it
They are activated by the Helper T cells, they also serves as antigen presenting cells and when activated will morph into a plasma cells
They are cells that are yet not activated but once they are they will morph into a B cell
They are the result of a plasma B cell morphing, they will produce antibodies to attack the specific pathogen
They are the result of a plasma B cell morphing they provide long lasting protective immunity
The result of the B cells morphing after the attack, they store information for future attacks and helps for defense against specific pathogens
Pus
A creamy yellow substance which is a mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue cells, and living or dead pathogen. Abscesses can be formed when pus is contained within the body in a sac
Immunodeficiency
Diseases in which the immune system is suppressed to the point of begin unable to fight off any pathogen as it can no loner produce the necessary cells to fight of the infection
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
Hodgkin’s disease
Description: Genetic syndrome in which affects production of B and T cells that can be deadly
Treatment: Bone marrow transplant
Diseases that causes cancer of B cells which affect the lymph nodes which will lead to immunodeficiency
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Description: HIV cripples the immune system by affecting the activity of the T cells
Transmitted by
Body Fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretion
Can enter the body through: blood transfusion, blood contaminated needles, sexual intercourse, oral sex and from mother to fetus
Symptoms
Weight loss
night sweats
swollen lymph nodes
Immune system collapse
Autoimmune disease
Description: Disease that causes the immune system to attack the bodies tissue cells as they are not able to distinguish between are cells and foreign cells
Autoimmunity
Were the body produces antibodies and special cytotoxic T cells that destroys the bodies cells. There are many examples such as
Multiple sclerosis
Graves’ disease:
Myasthenia gravis
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Glomerulonephritis
It destroys the joints
It impairs the nerve muscle connection
It destroys the white matter myelin
Causes hyperthyroidism
Destroys pancreatic cells
Affects multiple organs
Damages kidneys
Treatment
Suppress the immune system by using
Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids
Blocking cytokine action
Blocking co-stimulatory molecules
Hypersensitivities
Description: When the body creates a immune response to a non dangerous substance , the reaction can damage the tissue cells
Immediate hypersensitivity
This is also known as the as acute hypersensitivity which begins right when the allergen has initial connect and create allergic reaction
Symptoms
Runny nose
itchy hives
watery eyes
Systemic response is a anaphylactic shock
The bronchioles constrict making it harder to breathe
Vasodilattation will result in low blood volume
Treatment: Epinephrine
There are also chemicals used by the skin and mucous that inhibits and kills the bacteria
Enzyme
Mucin
Acid
Also known as the acid mantel, this is found in both the skin and mucous which serve as a way to inhibit that pathogens growth
There are many enzymes that can kill pathogens such as bacteria, these enzymes are fond in the saliva, respiratory mucous, lacrimal fluids,
Sticky mucus that lines the digestive system and respiratory tract which traps microorganisms
They are both part of the adaptive system
They both utilizes antibodies