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MACROMOLECULES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sweet taste
      - eg: pentose/ hexose
      - Different structures
        
        *Linear *
        
        Isomers
        
        Stereoisomers
        
        L and D form
        
        Alpha and Beta form
        
        Structural isomers
        
        Ring
      - Two combines through removal of water- Disaccharide
        
        Eg: glucose, fructose etc..
    - - Linking of large numbers of monosaccharide to form long chain
      - Functions
        
        Energy storage
        
        Animals and Plants
        
        Glycogen
        
        monomer- Alpha glucose
        
        Alpha 1- 4, Glycosidic linkage
        
        highly branched
        
        more soluble in water
        
        Starch
        
        less branched
        
        less soluble in water
        
        Structural
        
        Cellulose
        
        monomer- beta glucose
        
        no branching- linear
        
        Chitin
        
        Glycosaminoglycans
- - - - bonding of purines with pyrimidines
        
        Pyrimidines are single ringed structures
        
        Purines are double ringed structures
        
        Thymine is present in DNA whereas uracil in RNA
        
        Adenine with Thymine and uracil- 2 hydrogen bonds
        
        Guanine and Cytosine- 3 hydrogen bonds
    - - forms a phosphate- sugar backbone
  - - - stores genetic information
      - monomers- nucleotides
      - Double stranded with helical structure
    - - encoded from DNA
      - forms polypeptide chains through translation
- - - - folding of amino acid chain
        
        through hydrogen bonds
        
        Alpha helix
        
        twisted like structure
        
        stabilized through hydrogen bonds between each twists
        
        Beta pleated
        
        chained arranged parallel to each other
        
        held through hydrogen bonds
        
        Random coiling
        
        no specific shape
    - - folding of a secondary structure
        
        produces a 3-D shape
        
        functional level for proteins that only requires a single peptide chain
    - - sequence of amino acids in a linear chain
        
        encoded by genes
    - - contains more than one polypeptide
        
        folded with each other
        
        contains all the same polypeptides
        
        Multimeric- different polypeptide
  - - - between carboxyl group and amino group
        
        Polypeptide formation
        
        broken through hydrolysis reaction
        
        contains a N terminus and C terminus
  - - - different side chain- R group
        
        Can determine solubility/polarity
        
        can determine charge
  - - - Transient in nature
        
        takes place in protein- protein interaction
    - - only with Cysteine
        
        more permanent
- - - - Formed by 2 fatty acid chains, one glycerol and one phosphate group
      - Amphipathic
        
        Phosphate head is hydrophilic
        
        Fatty acid tail is hydrophobic
      - major component of cell membranes
    - - highly insoluble despite the oxygen
      - contains 4 interconnected carbon rings
      - derived from cholesterol
      - slight difference in structure can change functions
        
        eg: estrogen and progesterone
    - - called triglycerides
        
        contains 3 fatty acids chains and one glycerol molecule
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Saturated
        
        carbon chains contains single bonds
        
        compactly packed
        
        1 more item...
        
        Unhealthy for consumption
        
        Unsaturated
        
        carbon chains contains double bonds
        
        kinks in the chain
        
        1 more item...
        
        formed by dehydration and broken through hydrolysis
      - Fats contains more energy
        
        1 gram of fat has more energy than 1 gram of any macromolecule
- - - - cis and trans
        
        different arrangement of hydrogen atoms around double bonded carbon atoms
      - Enantiomers
        
        Mirror image
        
        different functions and even enzymes