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Europe Faces Revolutions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - How did nationalism blur the line between philosophies?- Nationalism was all about bringing people together. Nationalism would kind of break up the "line" that highly separated the political differences.
  - - - What goals did Liberals in Germany and Austria have?- In Germany, Liberals wanted to gather the many different German states into a single nation-state. In larger empires (Austria), many wanted to split away and establish their own rules (self-rule).
- - - - The Congress of Vienna was trying to restore the monarchies and territorial division that were in place before.
        
        They also had some ideas on the international level, it was to turn everything back to how it used to be...and it worked.
        
        Over the next century European countries almost never turned to war to solve problems
        
        But within country, the effort failed. And revolutions still moved across Europe
        
        Revolution
        
        Congress of Vienna
  - - - Liberal
        
        Mostly middle class business leaders and merchants, give more power to elected parliament, but only educated and landowners could vote
      - Radical
        
        Wanted drastic change to extend democracy to all people, ideals of the french revolution. Anarchism A belief that government is harmful and not needed
      - Conservation
        
        Mostly wealth property owners, wanted to keep the traditional Monarchies.
        
        Origins
        
        These people wanted to go back to what the country originated with, which is the country's origin
      - To which school do U.S. political parties belong? I think that we are closest to the Liberal school because we still have a government but we want everyone to vote
    - - This is the best concept for this because all of these people have their own group that goes along with what they identify with.
- - - - In 1830, France's King Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy
      - The attempt sparked riots that forced Charles to flee to Britain
      - He was replaced by Louis-Philippe
      - More about King Charles X
    - - In 1848, after an 18 year reign, Louis-Philippe fell from popular favor
        
        The radicals split into factions
        
        The two sides set off bloody battles in Parisian streets
        
        The violence turned French Citizens away from the radicals
        
        As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up later in 1848
        
        It called for parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people
        
        One side wanted only political form
        
        Other side wanted social and economic reform that would close up the differences in wealth between "haves" and "have nots"
        
        How were the actions of the radicals contrary to their philosophy? The radicals were supposed to be a group of people who believed and worked for the same things. They split off and it turned violent which is different than what they are supposed to do.
      - Once again, a Paris mob overturned a monarchy and established a republic
      - New republic began to fall apart almost immediately
      - More about Louis-Philippe
    - - In December 1848, Louis-Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the presidential election
        
        Four years later, Louis-Napoleon took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
        
        The French were weary of instability
        
        They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France
        
        A majority of French voters accepted this action without complaint
      - As France's emperor, Louis-Napoleon built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works
        
        Gradually, because of Louis-Napoleon's policies, unemployment decreased in France and the country experienced real prosperity
        
        Was the election of Louis-Napoleon a victory for the radicals? I think it was a good thing for the radicals. They split into two sides and both sides got something they wanted out of it. The political side got a good ruler and the social and economic side got more job opportunities and different things to help the economy like the railroads and encouraged industrialization.
        
        Industrialization: He started to make more factors and he wanted them to become a big part of their economy
      - More about Louis-Napoleon
  - - - Defeat Brings Change
        
        Eventually, Russia’s lack of development became obvious to Russians and to the whole world.In 1853, Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War.
        
        After the war, Nicholas’s son, Alexander II, decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change. Alexander and his advisers believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.
        
        However, Russia’s industries failed to provide adequate supplies for the
        country’s troops. As a result, in 1856, Russia lost the war against the com- bined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire.
        
        1 more item...
        
        How did Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War push it toward political reform? After the war his son Alexander II and his advisors wanted to make the change so Russia could compete with western Europe for world power
        
        War
      - The czars, however, were reluctant to free the serfs. Freeing them would anger the landowners, whose
        support the czars needed to stay in power.
      - them. By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end. It also prevented
        the empire from advancing economically.
      - Russia in the 1800s had yet to leap into the modern
        industrialized world. Under Russia’s feudal system, serfs were bound to the nobles whose land they worked.
- - - - Ideas of revolutions spread across Europe
      - Liberals + Nationalists in Europe began to revolt against conservative governments
    - - Belgians declare independence (October 1830)
    - - States
        
        Some ruled by Austria
        
        Some ruled by Pope
        
        Some were independent
      - Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore in Italy
    - - It took Russian armies about a year to stop the Polish uprising
      - Old order seemed to return (mid-1830s) but appearance didn't last long
      - Warsaw Uprising
  - - - The revolutions in Italy were to unite their separate states on the Italian Peninsula rather than to declare independence. Those in Greece, Belgium, and Poland were all revolting to gain independence for themselves
    - - Metternich resigned
      - Liberal uprisings happened throughout the Austrian Empire
    - - Kossuth County
    - - Many liberal gains lost to conservative in the time span of a year
      - Revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or their nations
      - Conservatives regained power
      - Europe returned to conservatism (1849)
      - Revolutions failed to achieve nationalist + democratic objectives
    - - All throughout this time period there were arguments over whether of not the government system should be liberal or conservative. People couldn't seem to agree on just one thing, leading to an excessive amount of revolts.
  - - - Powerful countries feared that their people would then use revolutions of surrounding countries as an idea to revolt against them. They didn't want the citizens to get any idea of overthrowing the government.
    - - Russians felt connected to Greek Orthodox Christians -- Ruled by the Muslim Ottomans
      - Educated Europeans + Americans had a love and respect for the Greek's ancient culture
    - - British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino (1827)
      - Britain, France, and Russia signed treaty -- Greece becomes an independent kingdom
  - - - Portugal
      - Spain
      - Italy
      - Russia
  - - - Greece
      - Albania
      - Bulgaria
      - Romania
      - Turkey
      - Former Yugoslavia