Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Europe, People have such different philosophies because of how they grew…
Europe
Reform in Russia
Under the Russian feudal system, serfs were bound to the nobles whose land they worked. Nobles enjoyed almost unlimited power over the serfs.
By the 1820's, majority of the Russians believed that serfdom should come to an end. The believed that the system was morally wrong and that it was actually preventing Russia from advancing economically.
During the 1800's, Russia had still not made the leap into the modern industrialized world.
The Czars had no intention of freeing the serfs because that would reduce the amount of power they were receiving due to the land owners support changing.
Defeat Brings Change
1853: Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War. Russia lost this war because the Russian industries were unable to provide adequate supplies for the troops.
The Crimean War consisted of the Russians vs the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire
Eventually, Russia's lack of development became obvious to Russians and to the whole world.
Reform and Reaction
The abolition of serfdom went only halfway. Peasant communities rather than individual peasants received about half the farmland in the country while nobles kept the other half.
The peasants that received land had at most 49 years to repay the government for the land that they received, but the government paid the nobles for their land.
-
-
1881: Political and social reforms ground to a halt when terrorists assassinated Alexander II. His successor, Alexander III, tightened czarist control over the country.
-
Alexander III and his ministers encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power. A major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion was Nationalism.
Nationalism stirred into other ethnic groups. During the 1800's, such groups were uniting into nations and building industries to survive among other nation-states.
After the war, Nichola's son, Alexander II, decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change. Alexander and his advisers believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.
-
-
Nationalism: Nationalism is a concept in this section because of how it affected the Russian drive toward industrial expansion.
Change: Change is another concept in this sections because once the Russians lost the Crimean War, they felt is was time for a change and pushed towards industrial expansion.
Nationalism Develops
As conservatives, liberals, and radicals debated issues of government, a new movement called nationalism emerged.
Nationalism is the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
-
-
-
Nation-State
A nation-state defends the nation's territory and way of life, and it represents the nation to the rest of the world.
In Europe in 1815 only France, England, and Spain could be called nation-states.
-
-
Nationalism
People wanted a sense of belonging or pride in their country. This made people want to have pride in their country and not in a king that will mess up anyway. Nationlism helped change the way that governments were run.
-
Radical Change France
Radicals participated in many of the 1848 revolts. Only in France however, was the radical demand for democratic government the main goal of revolution.
In 1830, France's King Charles X tried to stage a return to absolute monarchy. The attempt sparked riots that forced Charles to flee to Great Britain. He was replaced by Louis Philippe, who had long supported liberal reforms in France.
The Third Republic
However, in 1848, after a reign of almost 18 years, Louis Philippe fell from popular favor. Once again, a Paris mob overturned a monarchy and established a republic.
The new republican government began to fall apart almost immediately. The radicals split into factions. One side wanted only political reform. The other side also wanted social and economic reform that would close up the differences in wealth between the "haves" and "have nots."
The two sides set off bloody battles in Parisian streets. The violence turned French citizens away from the radicals. As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up later in 1848. It called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people.
-
How were the actions of the radicals contrary to their philosophy?
They advocated for rule by democracy, but practiced rule by violence
-
-
Clash of Philosophies
During the first half of the 1800's, three main schools of political thought struggled for supremacy
Each believed that its style of government would best serve the people, and each attracted different groups of followers.
Liberal
Mostly middle class business owners and merchants. Wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote.
Radical
Radicals favored drastic change to extend demcoracy to all people, believing that governments should practice the ideas of the French Revolution: LIberty, equalit, and brotherhood.
Some Radicals believed in anarchism, a belief that government is harmful and not needed.
-
Conservative
These were usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for the traditional monarchies of Europe
-
-
-
-
-
People have such different philosophies because of how they grew up and what they've experienced, so wealthy people who grew up in a system that worked for them wouldn't want anything to change from what they know, but someone who is disadvantaged by that system would want change.
-
Principles is an important concept in this section, as these different groups of people have different beliefs and principles due to the way they grew up and it affects the views they hold politically..
