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The Russian Revolution
Before the revolution
economy was semi-feudal
agricultural land
owned by wealthy minority
worked by peasants
1890// industrialisation
giving rise to formation
small bourgeoisie of business owners
proletariat
Industry concentrated for organization
social unrest
three-quarters of the population peasants
poverty
paid high taxes
hard working conditions
long working days
low wages
government was autocratic
tsar
unlimited power
authority
divine right to govern
Civil rights not recognised
political parties repressed
emigrate
meet in secret
creation of the USSR
Economy
New Economic Policy (NEP)
increase production
Peasants could sell their produce
set up companies
small private artisan
trading companies
state controlled important sector
postpone the implementation of socialism
shortage of food
Territorial organisation
federal state
Russia main republic
several smaller republics
accepted the soviet system
resolved problems of former nationalities
respected
autonomy
right to self-determination
Political organisation
characteristics
political power held by soviets
choose people to held executive power.
legislative power
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
interests of the workers
proletariat dictatorship
Marxist ideas
causes
The appearance of political parties
opposed the tsar.
unhappy
lack of rights
miserable living conditions
The 1905 Revolution
industrial workers moved for improvements
working conditions
political reform.
Bloody Sunday
protestants brutally suppressed
responded with strikes and protests
Social Democratic Workers met in secret
soviets were formed
organise the protests.
Duma (parliament)
political reforms
elected by all classes
power to make laws
soon dissolved / autocracy was re-established.
The Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905
control of Manchuria
new taxes were imposed
pay for the conflict
soldiers continually recruited
Russian defeat
badly organised army,
outdated military equipment
lack of transport
increased public hostility
Participation in the First World War
Russian Empire took part
because it allied with Great Britain / France
didn't have enough food or weapons
15 million soldiers mobilised
conscripted peasants
suffered under the leadership of the tsar
1917 revolutions
October Revolution //Bolshevik government
first actions
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia to withdraw from war
agreed to give territory to Germany
expropriate / redistribute land
among the peasants
give control of industries to workers' committees
Communist Party
only legal political party
Third International
Comintern
coordinate all communist parties
civil war
between
counter-revolutionaries
formed the White Army
Bolshevik forces of the Red Army
defended the new government
led by Trotsky
supported by the Allied power
wanted Russia to re-open the Eastern Front
January 1918
Council of People's Commissars
proletarian government
Lenin Russia's leader
Stalin succeeded him
attacked the Winter Palace
seat of the Provisional Government
olsheviks organised into soviets
February Revolution // provisional government
successful revolution
supported by soldiers and peasants.
protested about
disasters of the war
shortage of food
demanded Russia's withdrawal
provisional government
liberals and Menshevik socialists
led by socialist Alexander Kerensky
Tsar Nicholas II forced to abdicate
new government
proclaimed Russia a republic
set up a democratic regime
legalised political parties
elections
universal male suffrage
Constituent assembly
parallel government
led by Petrograd Sovie
provisional government failed
didn't redistribute land among peasants
didn't withdraw from the war
demanded the immediate withdrawal
distribution April theses
Bolsheviks, led by Lenin
gained support of soviets
political programme
demands were met
workers
soldiers
peasants
soviets recognised as supreme power
