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Elizabeth Pt 2 Pt 3 - Coggle Diagram
Elizabeth Pt 2 Pt 3
Part 2
The Gentry
The Gentry were a section of society comparable to the "middle class"; they were not labourers but were also not nobility. The numbers of gentry began to rise as culture developed in England. They had disposable incomes that they could spend to impress others.
The Tudors had marginalised the old nobility, seeing them as a threat and granting them very few new titles. This left a space that was filled by the gentry. Cecil, Walsingham and Hatton all came from the gentry class. Some gained their power through a place as Justices of the Peace.
Henry VIII's dissolution of monasteries made more land available to but than ever before, something that was capitalised on by the Gentry.
The Gentry were keen to catalyse cultural advancements within England; willing to sponsor architectural, artistic and intellectual endeavours.
The Golden Age
Fashion
Fashion was an important status symbol. They were so important in England that the Statutes of Apparel were passed in 1574; governing the clothes that an individual could wear depending on their social class.
Architecture
England experienced a period known as "The Great Rebuilding"; many new country houses were built by Elizabeths subjects, reflecting the wealth and stability of the era. Houses that used the latest styles were a status symbol.
Robert Smythson was a leading architect during this time period, designing Longleat house and Hardwick Hall.
Houses no longer brandished defensive features, they features intricate and eye-catching characteristics.
Theatre
The Globe
The Globe opened in 1599, it was built in Southwark on the south bank of the River Thames.
The Globe's groundlings are the standing audience in the Yard or the Pit with the cheapest tickets (one penny).
The access the three galleries, an extra penny or two had to be spared. The columns in the theatre showed Roman influence. The Lord's room was intended for the nobility, their view of the stage was poor but they were visible to everyone.
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After 1572, theatre companies made acting an acceptable career; before this, they were classed as vagabonds.
Elizabeth's support for the theatre increased; the master of the Revels decided which plays would be performed in front of the Queen at Court.
Affordability meant that theatres saw social class mixing more often, showing the rise of the gentry.
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Poverty
The labouring class did not own their own land and spent about 80% of their income on food and drink.
England's population increased by 43% between 1550 and 1600. Wages stayed the same but prices in food rose and this led to inflation.
Elizabeth has inherited a debt of £300,000 because of her father's war with France.
The introduction of sheep farming as a replacement for arable farming was profitable for rich landowners but detrimental to farm labourers.
Antwerp, Netherlands was one of England's most beneficial trading partners for cloth. This market's collapse in the 1550's and the Spanish's bans on trade deprived England of major revenue.
Exploration of the "New World" increased the amount of silver in circulation, decreasing its overall value and pushed prices up.
Henry VIII's dissolution of monasteries within England majorly affected the poorer sectors of society; removing a source of charity for the less fortunate.
Thomas Harman wrote a book in 1567 giving advice to reader about the tricks used by beggars; he described their use of a coded language called "canting".
William Harrison's 1577 "Description of England" described different types of poor and estimated that there were 10,000 vagrants in England at the time.
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The book of orders, first published in 1586, required local authorities to adopt common policies. One set of orders outlines how authorities should respond to famine and harvest failure by requiring JP's to arrange for extra supplies.
Exploration
Causes for Exploration:
- Demand for luxury goods from the east (such as silk and spices).
- The printing press meant that more people were interested in exploration as it was publicised.
- Spain and Portugal had started to divide "The New World" up and other countries wanted parts of it.
- The importance of exploration can be seen through the companies set up by England during this time: the Muscovy Company and the East India Trading Company.
John Hawkins
Hawkins made three expeditions during the 1560's, capturing Africans and selling them into slavery in Central America to Spanish settlers.
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Hawkins developed a new type of fighting galleon which was much faster and better in withstanding extreme weather than any Spanish galleon; this was a major factor in sealing England's victory.
Francis Drake
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Attacked in 1568 by the Spanish at San Juan de Ulua in Mexico, losing 4 ships and over 300 men; this helped establish a desire for revenge in Drake.
Between 1577 and 1580, Drake circumnavigated the globe and was the first Englishman to do this.
Drake went on to play a part in the Spanish Armada by attacking Cadiz in 1587 and delaying preparations. He was also appointed vice-admiral during this time.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Wanted to establish colonies in North America for Elizabeth, the queen invested in his privateering expeditions.
In 1584, he obtained a charter for a colony off the coast of North Carolina. He names this colony Virginia.
Raleigh was imprisoned in 1592 for marrying one of Elizabeth's 'ladies-in-waiting'. When released, Raleigh became a Member of Parliament.
Part 3
Religious Settlement
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The 1559 Religious Settlement Acted as a Compromise for Catholics, maintaining some Catholic teachings and aspects of Catholicism but, ultimately, establishing a Protestant backbone to English religion.
The Act of Supremacy made Elizabeth 'Supreme Governor' of the church and all clergy and royal officials had to swear an oath to her. It also maintained the episcopal structure of the church.
The Act of Uniformity outlined a list of rules about the appearance of churches and what services they provided.
The Royal Injunctions were issued by Cecil and outlines 57 rules. The Thirty-Nine Articles followed in 1563.
- Elizabeth ridded of traditional Catholic mass (Holy Communion), pilgrimages, had the bible written in English and sermons spoken in English.
- She kept several church decorations and church music.
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Mary Queen of Scots
1569 - The Northern Rebellion:
- The Duke of Norfolk (who resented William Cecil's power) planned to marry Mary and set her up as Elizabeth's heir.
- Enlists help of Throckmorton and Dudley; Dudley reports this to Cecil.
- Norfolk is imprisoned but rumours of a revived rebellion spread. Elizabeth accuses the Duke of Northumberland and Westmorland of disloyalty.
- The two gather 5000 rebels and move through the North of England, capturing Barnard Castle and arrived in Hartlepool where they awaited Spanish support (as promised by the Spanish Ambassadors).
- The Spanish fail to appear as they do not support the pro-French Mary.
- The rebellion collapsed by December; Elizabeth reorganises the northern council in response.
1571 - The Ridolfi Plot:
- Ridolfi wished to restore Catholicism in England.
- The plot aimed to assassinate Elizabet, have 6000 Spanish troops land in Essex and install Mary as Queen, having her marry the Duke of Norfolk.
- Elizabeth's spy network discovered the plot and Norfolk was executed.
1583 - The Throckmorton Plot:
- Aimed to have French Catholic forces (supported by papal and Spanish money) invade England, free Mary from prison and have the Jesuit population rise up (and murder Elizabeth).
- Walsingham discovered the plot and Throckmorton's role as an intermediary between Mary and the Spanish Ambassador.
- The Bond of Association is established after this plot is foiled, meaning that anyone involved with an assassination plot against the Queen could not benefit from her death.
1586 - The Babington Plot:
- After 20 years imprisonment, Mary became resentful, losing both her social status and throne.
- Mary began a secret correspondence with the French ambassador (Antony Babington), a Catholic recusant.
- These letters were intercepted and deciphered by Walsingham's spy network.
- 17th July - Mary writes a letter approving of the plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
- The council meet up in secret and seal the warrant for Mary's execution.
- Mary is beheaded in February 1587.
The Spanish Armada
Causes:
- 1567 - Elizabeth supports a protestant rebellion in the Netherlands that is being crushed by the Duke of Parma.
- 1560's (x2) - Philip bans English traders from Antwerp, realising the importance of the cloth trade between E and N. This forces Elizabeth to reform trade and exploit new Portuguese markets.
- 1559 - Marriage rejected.
- 1568 - Spanish attacked Hawkins and Drake.
- 1584 - Treat of Joinville: the Spanish and French unite, turning their attention to England.
- 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch signed between England and Dutch rebels. 7000 troops sent under Dudley's command.
- 1587 - Drake attacks Cadiz.
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Reasons for Defeat:
- Spanish forces were led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a man with no experience at sea. The English has Francis Drake in command.
- The Spanish forces were to meet with the Duke of Parma in the Netherland, supplying the Spanish with an additional 27,000 men. Winds in the North Sea after the Spanish fled to Calais prevented this.
- England disrupted the regular crescent formation of the Spanish through the use of fireships.
- Spanish galleons were slow-moving and large; the English's race ships were fast and manoeuvrable.
- The Spanish relied on the use of grappling hooks to immobilise and board English ships, this proved majorly ineffective.
- 11th August 1588 - The Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish are attacked by fireships when docked in Calais, the wind drives the fleet North towards Scotland and Ireland; Spaniards ship-wrecked in England would be killed by the contemptuous Scots.
Consequences:
- Bolstered Protestantism within England; these winds were seen as divine intervention from a Protestant God.
- Technological developments.
- Anglo-Spanish war continued: Spain launched 2 further invasions in the 1590s.
- England faced rising inflation and increased poverty: leads to the Poor Law of 1597 and 1601.