Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Lymphatic/Immune System, Nathan Berio, P.6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - B cells are “educated” in a 2-3 day process and mature
      - Exported from primary lymphoid organs “seed” (colonize)
    - - B cells are “educated” in a 2-3 day process and mature
      - Exported from primary lymphoid organs “seed” (colonize)
    - - The macrophages of the aggregated lymphatic follicles found in the walls of the small intestine destroy bacteria and prevent the bacteria from infecting and penetrating the walls of the intestine.
  - - - Tiny oval-shaped lymph structure located throughout the body
      - filter foreign particles from the lymph
    - - Located under the lungs
      - Detects foreign substances entering the blood and acts as a blood reservoir and filters out bacteria and worn-out red blood cells.
    - - Provide protection against bacteria and other infectious agents that enter the nose or mouth
      - located near the throat
      - Prevent germs and bacteria from entering the body
- - - - white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
      - Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on
        exposure to infectious material
      - Macrophages: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
    - - Nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
      - Attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
      - Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and virus-infected cells
      - Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
    - - triggered whenever body tissues are injured
      - Caused by trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by
        microorganisms
      - Prevents spread of damaging agents
      - Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
      - Alerts adaptive immune system
      - Sets the stage for repair
      - Four cardinal signs of acute inflammation: Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, and sometimes a fifth sign, impairment of function, is seen if movement or use of area
        is hampered
      - Inflammatory chemical release
      - Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
      - Phagocyte mobilization
- - - - Overall T- or Y-shaped antibody monomer consists of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
      - Four chains consist of
        
        Two identical heavy (H) chains with hinge region at “middles”
        
        Two identical light (L) chains
        
        Variable (V) regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical antigen-binding sites
        
        Stems make up constant (C) regions
    - - IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE
    - - Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
      - Form antigen-antibody (immune) complexes
    - - Neutralization
        
        Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins.
        
        Prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
        
        Antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis
      - Agglutination
        
        Allows for antigen-antibody complexes to become cross-linked into large lattice-like clumps
      - Precipitation
        
        Soluble molecules (instead of cells) are cross-linked into complexes
        
        Complexes precipitate out of solution
        
        Precipated complexes are easier for phagocytes to engulf
      - Complement fixation and activation
        
        When several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen, complement-binding sites on their stem regions are aligned
    - - Characteristics of antigens
        
        Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
        
        Contain antigentic determinants
        
        Can be a self-antigen
        
        Self-antigens: all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
- - - - formed in response to
        actual bacterial or viral infection
    - - formed in response to
        vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
  - - - antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant
        through milk
    - - injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
      - Protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body