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Theoretical approaches to explaining second language learning - Coggle…
Theoretical approaches to explaining second language learning
1} child acquiring a first language
is different from child/adult learning a second language
In terms of
personal characteristics
conditions for learning
2) Questions to Consider
Does the learner already know a language?
Is the learner cognitively mature?
How well developed is the learner's metalinguistic awareness?
How extensive is the learner's general knowledge of the world?
Is the learner nervous about making mistakes and sounding silly when speaking the language?
Does the learning environment allow the learner to be silent in the early stage s of learning?
Is there plenty of time available for language learning to take place?
Does the learner receive corrective feedback or not?
Is the learner exposed to modified language that matches his ability to understand?
3) Learners profiles
A) Learners characteristics
a) knowledge of another language
b) cognitive maturity
c) metalinguistic awareness
d) knowledge of the world
e) nervousness about speaking
B) Learning conditions
f) freedom to be silent
g) ample time
h) corrective feedback: grammar and pronunciation
i) corrective feedback: word choice
j) modified input
Impacts of behaviourism on SLA
account for learning in terms of :
imitation
practice
reinforcements
feedback on success
habit formation
Learners receive:
linguistic input (in immersive environment where they form associations between objects and names)
encouragement for their corect imitations
language development is viewed as the formation of habit
linkage to CAH (Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis)
where there is similarity between target and source language, the learner will acquire target language easily.
Innatism
Universal grammar by Noam Chomsky
language competence of learners
Krashen's monitor model
1) The acquisition - learning hypothesis
2) The monitor hypothesis
3) The natural order hypothesis
4) The input hypothesis
comprehensible input
5) The affective filter hypothesis
CLT (Communicative language teaching)
Information processing
building up of knowledge systems that can eventually be called on automatically for speaking and understading.
Richard Schmidt
everything we come to know about the language was first noticed consciously.
restructuring
one grammar topic learned over the the other may cause overapplying the ruler on the former.
Connectionism
connectionists:
attribute greater importance to the role of the environment
innate is just ability to learn - not linguistic structure
building knowledge through exposure of linguistics knowledge
Interactionists
language acquisition takes place through conversational interaction
Michael Long's view is to be concerned of how input is made comprehensible
give students opportunity to interact with other speakers
modified interaction is important for language acquisition
1) Interactional modification makes input comprehensible
2) Comprehensible input promotes acquisition
3) Interactional modification promotes acquisition
conversational modifications are:
Comprehension checks
Clarification requests
Self-repetition or paraphrase
Lev Vygotsky
theory of human mental processing
all cognitive development, including language development, arises as a result of social interactions between individuals.
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