Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Lymphatic/Immune System P.5 Joseph Gonzales - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System P.5 Joseph Gonzales
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active Immunity
Obtained through antigen exposure
long-lasting immunity
memory b cells are produced since there was an immune response in the person
Passive Immunity
obtained by receiving antibodies
no
memory B cells are produced due to no antigen contact
short-term immunity
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic System
drains tissue fluids, waste products & fights against infection
lymphatic vessels collect and return excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
lymph nodes
fight against infection
if swollen, means that they are working against that virus or sickness
Immune System
innate
"always ready to go"; born with it
external membranes
skin
keratinized; hard to break through
mucous membranes
body cavities are lined with mucosae
acidity inhibits bacterial growth
lysosomes destroy bacteria
microorganisms get stuck in the mucous
defensins are ANTImircrobial peptides
Internal defenses
antimicrobial proteins
phagocytes
inhibits spread of the invaders throughout the body
can perform phagocytosis
the cell engulfs a pathogen
the pathogen sits inside a vesicle
vesicle merges with a lysosome
lysosome digests the pathogen
the remains leave the cell via exocytosis
inflammatory response
injury occurs (physical trauma/heat/infection)
releases inflammatory chemicals (histamine) are released
macrophages
derived from wbc
Natural Killer cell
circulate in blood and lymph
kills cancer cells and infected cells
Adaptive
specific responses
once helper t cell gets the antibodies in memory t cells, then it is ready for when the same pathogen attempts to re-enter the body
"learn over time"; learn of specific response for specific antigen and future defense
which an organism acquires following disease exposure.
require activation
Form memory cells to protect from further attacks
Leukocytes
T Lymphocyte
B Lymphocyte
blood vessel
Tissue cell
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph organ (Tonsils, appendix, thymus)
when sick, the immune system is weakened and covers the system to react to protect the body
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate immune defense
these cells are able to immediately act on pathogens
they do not require activation
Physical barriers
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Chemical Barriers
Lysosomes
sweat
stomach acid
Complement
chemicals that, when triggered, form a "Membrane Attack Complex"
Inflammation
Red, hot, swollen, pain
no fever
non-specific means that it will react or attack anything in the body
Adaptive immune defense
require activation
which an organism acquires following disease exposure.
specific responses
once helper t cell gets the antibodies in memory t cells, then it is ready for when the same pathogen attempts to re-enter the body
Leukocytes
B Lymphocytes
blood vessels
Tissue Cells
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph organ (tonsils, thymus, appendix)
T Lymphocytes
"learn over time"; learn of specific response for specific antigen and future defense
Form memory cells to protect from further attacks
specific
attacks or reacts to a specific pathogen, anything in the body it wants
respond more slowly; accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secretes cytokines or antibodies
Antigens and antibodies
Antigen
derived from antibody generating
foreign substance recognized by the body as not belonging to the body
proteins, polysaccharides, lipids
pathogens have foreign surface proteins
and antibody or lymphocyte will bind in ways that resemble enzymes
different lymphocytes will recognized different determinants
T lymphoctyes
B lymphocytes
Antigen-presenting cell (dendritic cells)
Antibodies
large Y shaped proteins that are produced by lymphocytes
looking for pathogens
antibodies can mark them for recognition and destruction by phagocytes
another name of antibody is immunoglobulin
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system
occurs in pregnancy as the mother passes the antibodies down to the fetus
short-term immunity, due to lack of an
immune response and lack of memory B cell formation
Artificially acquired active immunity
occurs through the use of vaccines,
without the person becoming ill from the disease
vaccines contain dead or weak pathogens, person develops long-term immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
occurs after exposure to the
antigen
occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and then develops immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
involves the injection of gamma
globulins containing antibodies or antiserum
short term immunity, because of no antigen exposure
no immune response, no memory b cells produced
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Thymus
lymphocytes develop
more active in newborns than adults
Spleen
white pulp
houses the immune functions
red pulp
houses old and damaged red blood cells
site for immune surveillance
cleanses blood of foreign matter
salvages iron for hemoglobin
stores components of blood
Peyers Patches
on the small intestine
Appendix
destroy bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall during absorption.
gets rid of bacteria from entering the intestine
Red Bone Marrow
T-Cells and B-cells mature in the bone marrow
Tonsils
gather and remove pathogens from entering the body through the mouth
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First line of Defense
Skin
mucous, sweat, tears,
must be cut open in order for pathogens to invade
has keratinized layer
Mechanical Barriers
prevent entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
includes hair, mucous, and sweat
Second Line of Defense
Chemical Barriers
Chemicals that kill many pathogens
interferons
hormone-like peptides secreted by lymphocytes and fibroblast when viruses or tumor cells are present
INTERFERE in viral replication and slow tumor growth
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Small group of lymphocytes, other than t and b cells
defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting perforin which break apart cell membranes
NK cells also secrete substances that enhance inflammation
Phagocytosis
engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles and debris
most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes, which leave the bloodstream in areas of injury
phagocytes are attracted to the injured area by chemical toxins in which they are attracted by chemicals from injured cells
Neutrophils
engulf smaller particles; monocytes attack larger ones
Monocytes
give rise to macrophages outside of blood, which either become free or become fixed in various tissue
Inflammation
a tissue response to injury or infection
to stop the spread of pathogens and infection
characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and heat
dilation of blood (causes redness)
INFLAMMATION IS NOT FEVER
Fever
occurs when body temp is re-set to a higher set point
elevated body temp
provides "hostile environment" for pathogens that reproduce best under normal human conditions
elevated body temp causes liver and spleen to take up iron, reducing the amount in blood, keeping it fungi. or bacteria
phagocytic cells attack with more vigorous behavior when we have a fever
Third Line of Defense
Cellular Immune Response
Humoral Immune Response
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral Response
antigen binding
activation
replication or proliferation
differentiation
antibodies that bind that antigen
referred as Primary Immune Response (takes a few days to make the antibodies)
Once that pathogen comes back, it will go through Secondary Immune Response
works quicker in recognizing the pathogen and getting its antibodies
can be attained naturally through infection
can be attained artificially through vaccines
contains an inactive form of pathogen to prepare for real infection or virus
Passive Humoral Immunity
can have antibodies be introduced directly into body
ex) mother feeding baby breast milk
ex) through an injection of gamma globulin
Cellular Response
requires T-Cell activation
requires activation with an encounter with antigen-presenting cell, like a macrophage
Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against
the displayed antigen
Cytotoxic T cells monitor the body's cells, recognizing and
eliminating cancer cells and virus-infected cells
T-Cells
Memory T cells provide a quick response to any future
dividing to produce a large
number of cytotoxic T cells
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Rheumatoid arthritis
your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake
causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body
attacks the joints, usually many joints at once
Lupus
immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems; including your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs
Type 1 diabetes
your immune system has attacked the insulin-producing beta cells in your pancreas.
you can't make enough of your own insulin, and need to replace it through injections or a pump
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
B Cell
creates antibodies to defeat pathogens
Neutrophils
help macrophages kill invading pathogens/bacteria
Complement cell
stuns and kills the bacteria
Dendritic Cell
gets helper T-cell for help (activates it)
Helper T-Cell
clones itself to send messages to the macrophage
activates B cells & become memory cells
Memory T-Cell
remains and has antibodies for the bacteria that entered
Macrophage
engulfs pathogens that invaded the open wounded area & activates/communicates with NKC
Natural Killer Cell
works with macrophages; kills anything invading
Plasma Cell
formed by B cell; secrete antibodies from white blood cell
Long Lived Plasma Cell
produce all-antibodies to stay for a life time
T-Cell
Cytotoxic T-Cell
can kill cells infected by viruses or bacteria or even cancer cells